{
  "abstract": "Precipitation of space plasma particles on the upper atmosphere of Venus is a key process to understand energy, momentum, and mass transfers between space and the planetary system. We calculate the spatial and directional distribution of the precipitating particles, for ions and energetic neutral atoms (ENAs), and their energy spectra using a global hybrid model with nominal upstream parameters at Venus combined with a solar-zenith-angle-dependent exosphere model. We consider solar wind protons and singly ionized planetary oxygen pickup ions. The ENAs are produced by the charge exchange of the protons and oxygen ions with the neutral exosphere. Approximately 5% of the solar wind protons are found to precipitate in the upper atmosphere of Venus. The precipitation of solar wind in the form of ENAs is found to be small, only ∼0.2% of the solar proton flux. The proton precipitation is solar zenith angle dependent, but it peaks in the subsolar region as expected. The oxygen ion precipitation rate is ∼8 × 10 ²⁶ s ⁻¹ and has a moderate asymmetry with respect to the convective electric field direction. The oxygen ions can reach the nightside but are localized at high latitudes with an energy flux of ∼2 × 10 ⁹ eV cm ⁻² s ⁻¹ . This energy flux is comparable to the energy flux precipitated on the dayside. Although the calculated precipitating proton flux close to the terminator is overestimated by approximately one order of magnitude compared to the flux observed by Venus Express, the angular distribution of ENAs is consistent with the observations.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Universität Bern",
    "Swedish Institute of Space Physics"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lorenzo Obersnel",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-3070-9002"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yoshifumi Futaana",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7056-3517"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xiao-Dong Wang",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0574-4423"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mats Holmström",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5494-5374"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2evcwr9ftydad.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3847/psj/aeada1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "2evcwr9ftydad",
  "issns": [
    "2632-3338"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/aeada1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "feed-journal",
      "astronomy/planetary"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Ionosphere and magnetosphere dynamics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223967628",
  "pdf_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/aeada1/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": "American Astronomical Society",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2evcwr9ftydad.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:18Z",
      "native_id": "10.3847/psj/aeada1",
      "source": "feed-iop",
      "url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/aeada1"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:16Z",
      "native_id": "10.3847/psj/aeada1",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/aeada1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "feed-journal:astronomy/planetary",
      "subfield": "planetary"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Energetic Neutral Atoms and Ion Precipitation onto the Upper Atmosphere of Venus",
  "title_text": "Energetic Neutral Atoms and Ion Precipitation onto the Upper Atmosphere of Venus",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2evcwr9ftydad",
  "venue": "The Planetary Science Journal",
  "versions": []
}