{
  "abstract": "Background: Bike-sharing integrated with metro transit can be conceptualized as a potential dynamic green exposure pathway linking blue-green infrastructure, active mobility, and public health. The built environment is a key determinant, but existing research focuses on connection frequency and neglects modal share, which better reflects feeder efficiency and competitiveness.\n\nObjective: This study compares built environment effects on metro-feeder bike-sharing connection frequency and modal share and identifies nonlinear thresholds.\n\nMethods: Using Tianjin, China as a case study, we integrated multi-source travel data with geospatial data. The Green View Index (GVI), derived from Baidu Street View via deep learning, served as a station-catchment-level proxy for potential street-level green exposure. Actual cycling trajectories and health outcomes were not measured. A LightGBM-SHAP model quantified variable contributions and uncovered nonlinear associations.\n\nResults: Three findings emerge. First, connection frequency concentrates in the city center, whereas modal share clusters in suburban ring zones, suggesting spatial unevenness in access to bike-sharing as a green feeder mode. Second, drivers differ: connection frequency is mainly explained by governmental (39.8%), commercial (11.5%), and cultural-educational POI density (9.4%), reflecting commuting-oriented mechanisms; modal share is dominated by healthcare POI density (27.0%), distance to city center (15.0%), and bus stop density (10.0%), highlighting accessibility and inter-modal competition. Third, nonlinear thresholds are pervasive: governmental POI density turns positive beyond 30 POIs/km ² ; GVI above 90 is associated with positive feeder cycling; bus stop density beyond 4 stops/km ² shifts from complementarity to competition; and floor area ratio has an inverted U-shaped effect on modal share, positive at 0.5–2.1.\n\nConclusion: This study is the first to quantitatively disentangle the differentiated nonlinear effects of the built environment on bike-sharing connection frequency and modal share from both “volume enhancement” and “efficiency optimization” perspectives. The identified thresholds provide evidence-based planning guidance for optimizing metro-feeder bike-sharing systems and supporting climate-adaptive and more spatially equitable green feeder access. Because GVI is a station-catchment proxy and health outcomes were not measured, the health-equity implications are interpretive rather than causal.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Jinan",
    "School of Architecture and Urban-Rural Planning, Fuzhou University",
    "Department of Urban and Rural Planning, Southwest Jiaotong University",
    "School of Architecture, Nanyang Institute of Technology"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lei Pang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Cailin Qiu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Haijun Sun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xi Ren"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Zhong Sun"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2fecec7r3f0qh.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1951162",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "2fecec7r3f0qh",
  "issns": [
    "2296-2565"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1951162/full",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3313|Urban Transport and Accessibility"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223782771",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1951162/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2fecec7r3f0qh.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:24Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1951162",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1951162/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2296-2565",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Nonlinear effects of built environment on metro-feeder bike-sharing as a dynamic green exposure pathway: a dual perspective of connection frequency and modal share",
  "title_text": "Nonlinear effects of built environment on metro-feeder bike-sharing as a dynamic green exposure pathway: a dual perspective of connection frequency and modal share",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2fecec7r3f0qh",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Public Health",
  "versions": []
}