{
  "abstract": "COVID-19 vaccines substantially reduced the risk of severe disease, hospitalization and death, and are estimated to have saved 2.5 million lives between 2020 and 2024. Together with the rapid pace of vaccine development, the efficiency of supplying and distributing vaccine doses was critical in ensuring the true potential of the vaccines is realized. We conducted a rapid systematic review to synthesize peer-reviewed accounts of implemented COVID-19 vaccine supply and logistics and the outcomes reported. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and WHO’s Global Index Medicus (GIM) text and numeric databases in four waves between February 2022 and July 2024. Nine papers reporting implementation experience between December 2020 and mid-2023 were included in the final analysis. The results were summarized as per the WHO supply and logistics framework. The papers described nine of the fifteen functions of the WHO framework. Five papers were from high-income countries, and four were from low- and middle-income countries. Key learnings included the need to invest in long-term supply chain capacity and improving digital visibility to increase supply chain efficiency. One study indicated that stronger in-country regulatory agility during health emergencies improves vaccine distribution. One study documented the benefit of public-private partnerships cultivated during COVID-19 pandemic, which can be continued to be nurtured for improvement of routine immunization programs. Two studies indicated that training and upskilling healthcare workers to fill multiple roles can reduce hiring pressures when a gap exists between health personnel availability and need. These learnings can potentially benefit routine immunization programs and future pandemic preparedness.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, 415 N. Washington St, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA; Correspondence to: 415 N. Washington St, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.",
    "Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals (IVB), World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland",
    "Direct Consulting and Logistics, 15 Amazon St, Maitama, Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, 904101, Nigeria",
    "Department of Community Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, College of Health Science, 2WG7+4VC, Nnewi, Anambra, 435101, Nigeria",
    "Duke Global Health Innovation Center, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27705, USA",
    "International Vaccine Access Center, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, 415 N. Washington St, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sarah Nabia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Alba Vilajeliu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Victor Vega"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ni Made Adnya Suasti"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Affiong Simeon Ebong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Chinelo Cynthia Nduka"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Katharine Olson"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Wenhui Mao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Krishna Udayakumar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ann Lindstrand"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Chizoba Barbara Wonodi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2gbpt31rrdn2j.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.ssmhs.2026.100320",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949856226001558",
  "id": "2gbpt31rrdn2j",
  "issns": [
    "2949-8562"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmhs.2026.100320",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "H1-99"
    ],
    [
      "lcc",
      "RA1-1270"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3306|Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220930693",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2gbpt31rrdn2j.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:43:36Z",
      "native_id": "c9ceed9064be4567b123597285634af4",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmhs.2026.100320"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "lcc:RA1-1270",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Global lessons learnt from the supply and logistics systems for COVID-19 vaccines: A rapid systematic review",
  "title_text": "Global lessons learnt from the supply and logistics systems for COVID-19 vaccines: A rapid systematic review",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:43:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2gbpt31rrdn2j",
  "venue": "SSM - Health Systems",
  "versions": []
}