{
  "abstract": "To constrain the emergence of the first quiescent galaxies (QGs) and their connection to large-scale structure, we search for rare, high-redshift QGs in proto-clusters using spectral energy distribution modeling, multiple rest-frame color diagnostics, and visual inspection. Our sample includes 12 QG candidates with stellar masses log(M*/Msun) ~ 9-11 in four proto-clusters at z ~ 4-6 within GOODS-North (GOODS-N) and GOODS-South (GOODS-S). The selection uses 11 NIRCam filters in GOODS-N and 17 NIRCam plus 2 MIRI filters in GOODS-S, combined with 9 ancillary HST filters, covering 0.4-7.7 microns. We measure an increasing quiescent fraction with stellar mass, with averages of 1.0%(+0.7/-0.4; 5/502), 3.5%(+2.8/-1.7; 4/115), and 33.3%(+22.2/-17.5; 3/9) for log(M*/Msun) = 9 - 9.75, 9.75 - 10.5, 10.5 - 11.25, respectively, across four proto-clusters. Notably, the two GOODS-N proto-clusters at z=4.406 and z=5.194 have a quiescent fraction of 100% (2/2 at z=4.406; 1/1 at z=5.194) in their highest mass bin (log(M*/Msun) > 10.5), whereas the proto-clusters in GOODS-S at similar redshifts have zero massive quiescent galaxies. Contrary to the expectation that massive galaxies occupy cluster centers at z~0, our QGs are found primarily on the outskirts of overdensity peaks. We also find fewer robust QGs at z>5 (1/8) and none in the z=5.384 proto-cluster, consistent with simulations suggesting that efficient quenching mechanisms had not yet matured. Our results highlight the pronounced variations in quiescent fractions across proto-clusters at z>4. The emerging diversity of proto-cluster QG populations calls for a stronger understanding of the role of environment in early galaxy evolution.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.37357",
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Jamie Lin"
    },
    {
      "name": "Danilo Marchesini"
    },
    {
      "name": "Pascal A. Oesch"
    },
    {
      "name": "Rohan P. Naidu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Alba Covelo-Paz"
    },
    {
      "name": "Gabriel Brammer"
    },
    {
      "name": "Thomas Herard-Demanche"
    },
    {
      "name": "Christian Kragh Jespersen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Andrea Weibel"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kate Whitaker"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mengyuan Xiao"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2h7gj7tege0jg.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.37357",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "2h7gj7tege0jg",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.37357",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.GA"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224081797",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.37357",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2h7gj7tege0jg.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:35:50Z",
      "native_id": "2610.37357",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.37357"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.GA",
      "subfield": "galaxies"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A Large Diversity in the Quiescent Fractions of Massive Galaxies in Proto-clusters at $z\\sim4-6$ in the FRESCO GOODS fields",
  "title_text": "A Large Diversity in the Quiescent Fractions of Massive Galaxies in Proto-clusters at z∼4−6 in the FRESCO GOODS fields",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:35:50Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2h7gj7tege0jg",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}