{
  "abstract": "Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that targets and destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets. The incidence of type 1 diabetes is rising globally. At the clinical diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, between 20% and 67% of children and adolescents present with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) requiring hospitalisation, and one-third of these require intensive care. Type 1 diabetes can be detected in early stages, prior to the insulin-requiring clinical diagnosis, through screening for islet autoantibodies (IAbs). Identifying individuals with early-stage type 1 diabetes, combined with monitoring of and education on disease progression, prevents DKA and results in a milder clinical onset. This allows for timely insulin initiation in outpatient settings and improved long-term glucose management. Early diagnosis also enables access to novel disease-modifying therapies that can delay the clinical onset of diabetes. In this international consensus, we provide guidance on the principles and practice of implementing general population screening for IAbs to diagnose early-stage type 1 diabetes. We also outline the minimum requirements for establishing effective population screening programmes to diagnose early-stage type 1 diabetes through IAb detection. This consensus statement has been endorsed by the following professional associations: Advanced Technologies & Treatments for Diabetes (ATTD); Association of Diabetes Care and Education Specialists (ADCES); Association Belge Du Diabète; Associazione Medici Diabetologi (AMD); Australian Diabetes Society (ADS); Belgian Diabetes Liga; Breakthrough T1D; Czech Diabetes Society (ČDS); EASD; Finnish Diabetes Association (FDS); Fondazione Italiana Diabete (FID); International Diabetes Federation (IDF)-Europe; International Society of Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD); Paediatric Endocrinology Nursing Society (PENS); Polish Diabetes Society; Portuguese Diabetes Association (APDP); Sociedade Portuguesa de Diabetologia (SPD); Società Italiana di Diabetologia (SID); Société Francophone du Diabète (SFD) and Type 1 Diabetes Exchange (T1D Exchange).\n\nGraphical Abstract:\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains peer-reviewed but unedited supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06841-z.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany",
    "School of Medicine and Health, Forschergruppe Diabetes, TUM University Hospital, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany",
    "German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany",
    "Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO USA",
    "Charles Perkins Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia",
    "Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany",
    "Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of TU Dresden and Faculty of Medicine, Dresden, Germany",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA",
    "Breakthrough T1D, New York, NY USA",
    "Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden",
    "Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA USA",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD USA",
    "Dept of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN USA",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL USA",
    "Medical Psychology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany",
    "Institut Cochin, CNRS, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France",
    "Department of Diabetology and Clinical Immunology, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France",
    "Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN USA",
    "Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK",
    "Department of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK",
    "The Jesse and Sara Lea Shafer Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach-Tikva, Israel",
    "Gray Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel",
    "Department of Genome Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA",
    "Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translation Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA",
    "Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children’s Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia",
    "Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia",
    "Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia",
    "Department of Pediatric Diabetology and Pediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland",
    "Department of Pediatrics, Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Center, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland",
    "Department for Children and Adolescents, Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland",
    "Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium",
    "St Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC Australia",
    "Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC Australia",
    "Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada",
    "Breakthrough T1D, Gainesville, FL USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "case report",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 26,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Anette-Gabriele Ziegler"
    },
    {
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        3
      ],
      "name": "Marian J. Rewers"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
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      "name": "Peter Achenbach"
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      "name": "Kirstine J. Bell"
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        5,
        6
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      "name": "Ezio Bonifacio"
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        7
      ],
      "name": "Linda A. DiMeglio"
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        8
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      "name": "Sanjoy Dutta"
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        9,
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      "name": "Helena Elding Larsson"
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      "name": "Brigitte I. Frohnert"
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      "name": "William A. Hagopian"
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      "name": "Laura M. Jacobsen"
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      "name": "Karin Lange"
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        17,
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      "name": "Roberto Mallone"
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    {
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      "name": "Parth Narendran"
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    {
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        22
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      "name": "Tal Oron"
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      "name": "Stephen S. Rich"
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      ],
      "name": "Caitrin W. McDonough"
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      "name": "Darja Šmigoc Schweiger"
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    {
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      "name": "Zdenek Šumník"
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    {
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      "name": "Agnieszka Szypowska"
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    {
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      "name": "Riitta Veijola"
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      "name": "Jurgen Vercauteren"
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    {
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      "name": "John M. Wentworth"
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    {
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      "name": "Diane K. Wherrett"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        35
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      "name": "Anastasia Albanese-O’Neill"
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2m36bwyv9m21e.bib",
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  "doi": "10.1007/s00125-026-06841-z",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13714164/",
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  "issns": [
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    "1432-0428"
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06841-z",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "heading",
      "Consensus Report"
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      "1311|Diabetes and associated disorders"
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  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00125-026-06841-z.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13714164",
  "pmid": "42720753",
  "published": "2026-09-10",
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  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2m36bwyv9m21e.ris",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-026-06841-z"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1311|Diabetes and associated disorders",
      "subfield": "genetics-genomics"
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  ],
  "title": "International consensus guidance for general population screening for islet autoantibodies to diagnose early-stage type 1 diabetes: a nominal group technique process",
  "title_text": "International consensus guidance for general population screening for islet autoantibodies to diagnose early-stage type 1 diabetes: a nominal group technique process",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:21:43Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2m36bwyv9m21e",
  "venue": "Diabetologia",
  "versions": []
}