{
  "abstract": "Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition with a long-term and often unpredictable course. The aim of our study was to evaluate serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in children with IBD at diagnosis or disease exacerbation and during follow-up to assess their changes during the course of the disease. Patients were assessed at the time of inclusion (T0), after 3 months (T1), and after 6 months of follow-up (T2). At each time point, clinical disease activity was evaluated, along with routine laboratory tests and measurement of fecal calprotectin (fCal). Serum concentrations of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Fifty-nine children with IBD were included in the study (19 with Crohn’s disease and 40 with ulcerative colitis; 39 with newly diagnosed disease and 20 with disease exacerbation). During the six-month follow-up, patients received anti-TNF-α therapy with infliximab or adalimumab; at T1, 8 patients received infliximab and 5 received adalimumab, whereas at T2, 17 patients received infliximab and 7 received adalimumab. At T0, significant differences in MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were observed between IBD patients and controls. In the IBD group, a significant decrease in MMP-9 (p < 0.001), TIMP-1 (p < 0.001), and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio (p = 0.006) was observed over the six-month follow-up. At T1, only TIMP-1 levels differed between groups, while at T2 no significant differences were observed. Patients who achieved clinical remission showed a significant decrease in MMP-9 (p = 0.001) and TIMP-1 (p < 0.001) levels, whereas no significant changes were observed in patients who did not achieve remission. However, the percentage change in MMP-9 did not differ significantly according to clinical remission status (p = 0.50). Similarly, patients who achieved fCal-defined biochemical remission showed significant reductions in MMP-9 (p = 0.005), TIMP-1 (p = 0.003), and the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio (p = 0.01) over time. In patients without fCal-defined biochemical remission, MMP-9 (p = 0.04) and TIMP-1 (p = 0.01) also decreased significantly over time, whereas the MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio did not change significantly. However, direct comparisons showed no significant differences in the percentage changes in MMP-9 (p = 0.28) or TIMP-1 (p = 0.37) according to fCal-defined biochemical remission status. In conclusion, serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels change over six months in children with IBD, reflecting changes in disease activity. Changes in these biomarkers were not significantly associated with fCal-defined biochemical remission. A significant difference in TIMP-1 percentage change was observed according to clinical remission status. However, this finding should be considered exploratory and interpreted with caution.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition, Allergology and Pulmonology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 17, 15-274 Bialystok, Poland"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Katarzyna Zdanowicz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0755-911X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Dariusz Marek Lebensztejn"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Urszula Daniluk",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1671-6578"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2m82tcje3gmez.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27209162",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "2m82tcje3gmez",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9162",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1311|Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222011327",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-15",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2m82tcje3gmez.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27209162",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9162"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1311|Inflammatory Bowel Disease",
      "subfield": "genetics-genomics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Changes in Serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 Concentrations in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease over a Six-Month Observation Period",
  "title_text": "Changes in Serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 Concentrations in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease over a Six-Month Observation Period",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2m82tcje3gmez",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}