{
  "abstract": "Purpose\n\nTo develop and preliminarily evaluate a hyaluronic acid-1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (HA-BDDE)/polyethylene glycol-tyramine (PEG-Tyramine) dual-hydrogel designed as a transparent and injectable vitreous substitute with suitable optical, rheological, and cytocompatibility characteristics for potential application following vitrectomy.Methods\n\nHA-BDDE and PEG-Tyramine were prepared separately and combined to form a dual-hydrogel formulation. The resulting hydrogel was characterized using attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy, oscillatory rheometry, and spectrophotometry to evaluate its chemical, rheological, and optical properties. Cytocompatibility was assessed using retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells through the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay and Live/Dead fluorescence staining. Ex vivo performance was evaluated following hydrogel injection into porcine eyes after vitrectomy, with assessment of macroscopic transparency, structural integrity, and retention within the vitreous cavity.Results\n\nThe HA-BDDE/PEG-Tyramine formulation formed a transparent and macroscopically homogeneous hydrogel phase. Spectroscopic analyses demonstrated the characteristic chemical functionalities and molecular environments associated with the HA- and PEG-containing components. Rheological analysis showed predominantly elastic, gel-like behavior, with the storage modules exceeding the loss modulus across the investigated frequency range. The hydrogel exhibited measurable and relatively stable visible-light transmission across the evaluated wavelength range. RPE cells maintained high metabolic activity during the culture period, while Live/Dead imaging demonstrated predominantly viable cells with limited dead-cell staining. In the ex vivo porcine model, the hydrogel remained within the vitreous cavity and maintained its macroscopic transparency and structural integrity during the observation period.Conclusions\n\nThe HA-BDDE/PEG-Tyramine dual-hydrogel exhibited favorable optical, rheological, cytocompatibility, and short-term ex vivo retention characteristics. These findings support further investigation of this dual-hydrogel system as a potential injectable vitreous substitute following vitrectomy.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Soheil Sojdeh",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2729-4163"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zahra Bibak Bejandi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Miranda Castillo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Gregory Tsougranis"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anwar N Khandaker",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3846-8755"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "R V Paul Chan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zohreh Arabpour",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-0996-4014"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ali R Djalilian"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2mw1rryrrcecv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/gels12100900",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704621",
  "id": "2mw1rryrrcecv",
  "issns": [
    "2310-2861"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929934",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1313|Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220850833",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704621?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13704621",
  "pmid": "42929934",
  "published": "2026-10-07",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2mw1rryrrcecv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42929934",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929934"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:1313|Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Potential and Safety Assessment of a Hydrogel as a Vitreous Substitute Following Vitrectomy in an Ex Vivo Porcine Model.",
  "title_text": "Potential and Safety Assessment of a Hydrogel as a Vitreous Substitute Following Vitrectomy in an Ex Vivo Porcine Model.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2mw1rryrrcecv",
  "venue": "Gels (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}