{
  "abstract": "Flexible, freestanding electrodes with high mechanical robustness, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical performance are highly desirable for wearable energy storage devices. Herein, a hierarchical polyaniline/partially oxidized graphene/cellulose nanopaper (PANI/po-Gr/CNP) electrode was developed by integrating redox-active PANI, conductive po-Gr, and mechanically robust cellulose nanofibers (CNFs). PANI-coated CNFs were first prepared via in situ polymerization, followed by incorporation of po-Gr nanosheets. We vacuum-filtered and dried the resulting hybrid suspension to fabricate a freestanding PANI/po-Gr/CNP electrode. Compared with the po-Gr-free PANI/CNP electrode, the optimized PANI/po-Gr/CNP electrode increased electrical conductivity from 0.16 to 1.85 S·cm–1 while maintaining a comparable tensile strength (∼42 MPa). In a three-electrode configuration, the optimized electrode delivered an areal capacitance of 2.74 F·cm–2 at 5 mV·s–1, corresponding to volumetric and gravimetric capacitances of 342.5 F cm–3 and 572.7 F·g–1 (based on the combined mass of PANI and po-Gr), respectively. The assembled symmetric supercapacitor delivered an areal energy density of 58.08 μWh·cm–2 and a volumetric energy density of 7.26 mWh·cm–3, while retaining 81.0% of its initial capacitance after 10,000 charge–discharge cycles. These results show that combining CNFs, PANI, and po-Gr enables a freestanding electrode with a favorable balance of mechanical robustness, electrical conductivity, and electrochemical performance, offering a promising platform for flexible, wearable supercapacitors.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "University of Wisconsin-Madison , , , ,",
    "Michigan State University , , , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mengge Gao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kun Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ningning Tan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuanye Jiang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiansong Chen",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2046-2352"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yaoqi Yin",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6413-007X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Aijun Xie"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xuejun Pan",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6859-9342"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Haishun Du",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8046-0319"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sundaram Gunasekaran",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6553-1273"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2ntja08mvaacc.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acsomega.6c10164",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13689109",
  "id": "2ntja08mvaacc",
  "issns": [
    "2470-1343"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/41/64236/5448173/Mechanically-Robust-and-Highly-Conductive",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2504|Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221198877",
  "pdf_url": "https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsomega.6c10164",
  "pmcid": "PMC13689109",
  "pmid": "42924091",
  "published": "2026-10-09",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2ntja08mvaacc.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:39Z",
      "native_id": "10.1021/acsomega.6c10164",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/11/41/64236/5448173/Mechanically-Robust-and-Highly-Conductive"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42924091",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42924091"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2504|Supercapacitor Materials and Fabrication",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Mechanically Robust and Highly Conductive Cellulose Nanopaper Electrodes Enabled by Polyaniline-Graphene Hybrid Networks for Flexible Supercapacitors",
  "title_text": "Mechanically Robust and Highly Conductive Cellulose Nanopaper Electrodes Enabled by Polyaniline-Graphene Hybrid Networks for Flexible Supercapacitors",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2ntja08mvaacc",
  "venue": "ACS Omega",
  "versions": []
}