{
  "abstract": "Conventional male reproductive toxicity testing relies on rodent bioassays and two-dimensional cultures, which are limited by species extrapolation, low throughput, and weak mechanistic resolution. Testicular and seminiferous-tubule organoids partially restore the Sertoli–Leydig–peritubular myoid niche and permit serial, non-terminal sampling, making them compatible with multi-omics profiling in a way earlier models were not. This review examines the field across four layers: the biological hierarchy and regulatory pathways that constrain model design; organoid construction strategies together with computational simulation of morphogenesis and mass transport; multi-omics integration algorithms and toxicity feature extraction; and retrospective validation on publicly deposited datasets. We compare cell sourcing, scaffold, and culture configuration routes against tubule formation and meiotic completion, derive critical-radius and shear-stress criteria governing construct viability, and evaluate similarity network fusion, latent factor decomposition, joint matrix factorization, and graph neural network approaches. Retrospective modeling indicates that adding epigenomic input to transcriptomic features yields the largest performance gain, that gradient-boosted trees outperform deep networks at current sample sizes, and that attribution profiles align with established mechanisms. We contribute an integration framework dimensioned for testicular organoid data, a fully open-source reproducible pipeline, and an explicit mapping between quantitative organoid descriptors and toxicity endpoints. Persistent obstacles include incomplete structural reconstitution biasing omics signal, sparse and inconsistently annotated public data, simulation parameter uncertainty, and unverified cross-species transfer. Minimum reporting standards, a shared characterization vocabulary, and an open benchmark platform are proposed as prerequisites for regulatory uptake.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261053, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuting Sun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yan Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Meina Xie"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2p5bxw04r62mp.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27219963",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "2p5bxw04r62mp",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9963",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2p5bxw04r62mp.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-10T00:21:27Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27219963",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9963"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "issn:1422-0067",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Construction and Application of Testicular Organoid Models in Multi-Omics-Driven Male Reproductive Toxicity Assessment: A Review",
  "title_text": "Construction and Application of Testicular Organoid Models in Multi-Omics-Driven Male Reproductive Toxicity Assessment: A Review",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-10T00:21:27Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2p5bxw04r62mp",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}