{
  "abstract": "The analysis of the waveform of reflection in ground penetrating radar (GPR) data is widely used to determine the nature of interfaces in the subsurface. It is of the utmost importance that the water ice subsurface deposits observation on Mars (WISDOM) GPR onboard Rosalind Franklin rover be able to determine the nature of the interfaces, which can provide information on the density, porosity, and, therefore, the composition of the subsurface layers, and avoid hazards that may damage the drill onboard the ExoMars rover. This article presents validations using numerical simulation and measures in a controlled environment of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the received radar waveforms after application of a super-resolution technique for WISDOM [the bandwidth extrapolation (BWE) technique] to improve identification of the nature of interfaces in the subsurface. The qualitative analysis consists in visual comparison of the reflection waveforms to a reference reflection waveform, allowing a quick but human biased review of different reflections in radargrams. The quantitative analysis is the automatic measurement of the phase value of received radar waveforms to classify it into four meaningful phase values corresponding to four different types of interface: high permittivity material overlying a low permittivity material and vice versa, and thin layer of higher or lower permittivity than the embedding material. The thin bed that can be characterized by WISDOM is 1–4 cm thick in standard data and 0.5–2 cm thick in BWE data. The BWE greatly improves qualitative and quantitative analysis by making the waveform of reflections easier to identify, along with an increased contrast and improved range resolution in radargrams. The quantitative analysis of BWE data is highly effective and reliable on realistic Lunar or Martian rough surface and buried interface, and not strongly affected by volume scattering under heterogeneous conditions. In high loss dispersive media (highest estimated loss for Martian analogue materials), the range of application of the method can be restricted to the first meter in the subsurface. In the case of moderate or low loss (representative of Lunar regolith or Martian analogue materials), this range extend beyond the 2 m deep drilling capacity of the ExoMars rover. The method is also tested on data acquired during a field test campaign in Svalbard (Arctic Norway), and provide useful interpretations of radar reflections on an ice cave and on an icing in a frozen riverbed.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Emile Brighi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Valérie Ciarletti"
    },
    {
      "name": "Alice Le Gall"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nicolas Oudart"
    },
    {
      "name": "Wolf-Stefan Benedix"
    },
    {
      "name": "Esther Mas I Sanz"
    },
    {
      "name": "Aleksey Shestov"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dirk Plettemeier"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yann Hervé"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2p9awabhqjf9s.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1109/jstars.2026.3739489",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "2p9awabhqjf9s",
  "issns": [
    "1939-1404"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05844237v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sdu"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "0.spi"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.sdu.astr"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "1.spi.signal"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "2.sdu.astr.im"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2212|Geophysical Methods and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7216344777",
  "pdf_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05844237/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-29",
  "publisher": "IEEE",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2p9awabhqjf9s.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:03Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05844237",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05844237v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "hal:2.sdu.astr.im",
      "subfield": "instrumentation-methods"
    },
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "hal:0.sdu",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Waveform Analysis of Super-Resolved WISDOM/ExoMars GPR Data Acquired in Svalbard, a Terrestrial Analogue of Mars",
  "title_text": "Waveform Analysis of Super-Resolved WISDOM/ExoMars GPR Data Acquired in Svalbard, a Terrestrial Analogue of Mars",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:20:56Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2p9awabhqjf9s",
  "venue": "IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing",
  "versions": []
}