{
  "abstract": "Among 9457 aquaporin‐4 (AQP4) immunoglobulin G‐positive patients, 2071 underwent autoimmune encephalitis antibody testing and 85 (4%) had coexisting antibodies, most commonly cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillary acidic protein‐IgG and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor‐IgG, or serum high‐titer GAD65‐IgG. Compared with AQP4‐IgG positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder controls, dual‐positive patients were younger and more frequently exhibited encephalopathy, psychiatric symptoms, seizures, ovarian teratomas, and deep gray matter, temporal lobe, or diencephalic MRI abnormalities. GAD65‐IgG‐positive patients developed stiff‐person syndrome. These findings define a distinct mixed glial‐neuronal autoimmune phenotype and support additional neural antibody testing in atypical AQP4‐IgG‐positive presentations.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA",
    "Center for MS and Autoimmune Neurology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA",
    "Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA",
    "UAB Department of Neurology University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine Birmingham Alabama USA",
    "Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA",
    "Department of Neurology Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA",
    "Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cancer and Blood Disorders Center Stanford Medicine, Valley Children's Healthcare Madera California USA",
    "OhioHealth Multiple Sclerosis Center Riverside Methodist Hospital Columbus Ohio USA",
    "Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore",
    "Department of Neurological Sciences Rush University Medical Center Chicago Illinois USA",
    "Department of Neurology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan USA",
    "Department of Neurology University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA",
    "Department of Ophthalmology Mayo Clinic Rochester Minnesota USA",
    "Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience Mayo Clinic Jacksonville Florida USA",
    "Department of Neurology, Mellen Centre for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "brief report",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 26,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Laura Cacciaguerra",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9342-2410"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Binxia Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Vanda A. Lennon"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Shruti P. Agnihotri"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Nusrat Ahsan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Karen S. Fernandez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Erin McLeod"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Georgios Mangioris"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "William R. Meador"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Wendy G. Mitchell"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Jacqueline A. Nicholas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Amy M. L. Quek"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Shoemaker"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Kurt Sieloff"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Matt C. Edmond"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Rebekah A. Laggis"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kristin L. Flynn"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jessica A. Sagen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Emmanuelle Waubant",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5188-0157"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        12
      ],
      "name": "John J. Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        13
      ],
      "name": "Sarosh R. Irani",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7667-9748"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Andrew McKeon",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6856-8143"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Anastasia Zekeridou",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1960-9065"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Eoin P. Flanagan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sean J. Pittock",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6140-5584"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        14
      ],
      "name": "Amy Kunchok",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8387-6491"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2qs1mv3cgg877.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1002/acn3.70541",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13732610/",
  "id": "2qs1mv3cgg877",
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  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.70541",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Brief Communication"
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      "openalex",
      "2728|Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments"
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  "pdf_url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/acn3.70541",
  "pmcid": "PMC13732610",
  "pmid": "42979782",
  "published": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": "Wiley",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2qs1mv3cgg877.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:22:34Z",
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    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2728|Autoimmune Neurological Disorders and Treatments",
      "subfield": "neurology"
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  ],
  "title": "Frequency and Phenotype of Coexisting Aquaporin‐4 and Autoimmune Encephalitis Autoantibodies",
  "title_text": "Frequency and Phenotype of Coexisting Aquaporin‐4 and Autoimmune Encephalitis Autoantibodies",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:22:34Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2qs1mv3cgg877",
  "venue": "Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology",
  "versions": []
}