{
  "abstract": "The Hulun Lake Basin in northern China harbors extensive temperate grasslands, whose carbon uptake and ecosystem functioning are effectively represented by gross primary productivity (GPP). However, the long-term response of grassland GPP to regional climate change remains insufficiently understood, due to the limited ability of global models to capture local ecosystem variability. This study improved GPP estimation in the Hulun Lake Basin by integrating additional grassland flux observations from China into a Random Forest model (MCF). We subsequently examined the spatiotemporal dynamics of GPP and identified the dominant climatic drivers and their long-term trends under changing climate conditions. Results show that the MCF model significantly outperformed the model trained solely on FLUXNET 2015 Tier 2 data in both accuracy and trend patterns of grassland GPP. A 23-year MCF simulation in the Hulun Lake Basin showed a clear west-east GPP gradient, averaging 676.36 g C m- 2 yr- 1 and totaling 70.13 Tg C yr- 1. Most of the region exhibited increasing GPP trends, with an average growth rate of 6.85 g C m- 2 yr- 1, resulting in an annual total increase of approximately 0.45 Tg C yr- 1. SHAP analysis demonstrated that shifts in precipitation and temperature are reshaping the dominant factors contributing to GPP increases. Structural equation modeling further revealed that precipitation enhanced GPP through both direct and indirect pathways, with the direct effect accounting for 63.6% of the total effect, while the remaining 36.4% was mediated primarily through NIRv. In particular, over large areas of the central-eastern basin, increasing precipitation has gradually replaced shortwave radiation as the primary driver of GPP enhancement. This study provides new insights into how temperate grassland GPP responds to climate change, offering a scientific basis for region-specific ecosystem management and policy decisions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, Nanjing, 210042, China.",
    "School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215000, China.",
    "Inner Mongolia Hulun Lake (Wetland) Comprehensive Monitoring Station for Ecological Quality, Hulunbuir, 021000, China.",
    "School of Geography Science and Geomatics Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215000, China. luxh@usts.edu.cn.",
    "College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.",
    "School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, Jiangsu, China.",
    "Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Taihu Area of Jiangsu, Suzhou, 215155, China.",
    "East China Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou, 215300, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tong Sun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Nan Shan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Xuehe Lu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Bingshuai Cao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Wenjing Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Qian Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Qing Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Haidong Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Qianghao Zeng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Suwan Chen"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2rzead742j73m.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s13021-026-00491-9",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13721663",
  "id": "2rzead742j73m",
  "issns": [
    "1750-0680"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42955579",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2306|Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7171108386",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13721663?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13721663",
  "pmid": "42955579",
  "published": "2026-07-26",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2rzead742j73m.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T00:20:48Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42955579",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42955579"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:22:19Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13721663",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-026-00491-9"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2306|Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics",
      "subfield": "climate"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Improved GPP modeling reveals rising precipitation influence in typical grasslands of Northern China's Hulun Lake Basin.",
  "title_text": "Improved GPP modeling reveals rising precipitation influence in typical grasslands of Northern China's Hulun Lake Basin.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:22:19Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2rzead742j73m",
  "venue": "Carbon balance and management",
  "versions": []
}