{
  "abstract": "This article reviews the research area of encoding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with radiofrequency (RF) transmit field gradients. RF gradients are generally investigated as an alternative to the static magnetic field gradients more conventionally employed for imaging. Since first being demonstrated in the 1970s, the number of approaches explored for RF encoding has increased, as have potential applications. Methods such as rotating frame imaging, FREE, TRASE, Bloch–Siegert shift encoding, nonlinear RF encoding, and SENF have been developed and show promise for providing certain advantages over B0-encoded MRI. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) applications also have a long history and certain advantages when RF gradients are used for localization. Despite the interest in developing these methods, challenges remain with the design of associated hardware, integration of encoding, and translation to in-vivo imaging. Here, we provide a survey of the various methods of RF encoding for imaging. We conclude with future directions for RF encoding in its technical development, research utility, and clinical application.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA",
    "Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA",
    "Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA",
    "Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA",
    "Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA",
    "Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA",
    "Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA",
    "Department of Medical Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada",
    "MagnetaMR Inc., St. Albert, AB, Canada",
    "Adialante, Minneapolis, MN, USA",
    "Center for Magnetic Resonance Research and Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA",
    "Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA",
    "Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Charlotte R. Sappo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7030-278X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Millie A. Barron",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-6291-0513"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "R. Todd Constable",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5661-9521"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Gigi Galiana"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Aaron R. Purchase",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7823-8412"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Sai Abitha Srinivas",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3595-1757"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9,
        10,
        11
      ],
      "name": "Efraín Torres",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2728-3368"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Christopher E. Vaughn",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4288-4206"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jonathan B. Martin",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9384-8056"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2taygww333wkh.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.mri.2026.110788",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13700048/",
  "id": "2taygww333wkh",
  "issns": [
    "0730-725X",
    "1873-5894"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2026.110788",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2741|Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213473193",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13700048",
  "pmid": "42753836",
  "published": "2026-09-17",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2taygww333wkh.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13700048",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2026.110788"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2741|Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications",
      "subfield": "imaging"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Radiofrequency field gradient encoding methods and applications for magnetic resonance imaging",
  "title_text": "Radiofrequency field gradient encoding methods and applications for magnetic resonance imaging",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:36:31Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2taygww333wkh",
  "venue": "Magnetic resonance imaging",
  "versions": []
}