{
  "abstract": "Background: Although propofol-induced anesthesia is known to suppress consciousness by promoting low-frequency frontal oscillations through thalamocortical circuits, a comprehensive understanding of its whole-brain coupling feature set remains elusive. Specifically, the global reorganization of nonlinear cross-frequency coupling remains poorly characterized due to analytical limitations.\n\nMethods: We analyzed 64-channel EEG data from 17 participants across five states (awake and target propofol concentrations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 mcg/ml, defined as States 1 to 5). After computing time-frequency representation (TFR) and bicoherence, Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) was used to extract unbiased spatio-spectral components from both linear and nonlinear measures.\n\nResults: PARAFAC decomposition isolated distinct linear and nonlinear neurodynamic components driving the anesthetic transition. While linear spectral features and signal complexity transitioned in a gradual, monotonic manner. PARAFAC tensor decomposition of high-dimensional whole-brain bicoherence identified two robust, intrinsically decoupled nonlinear components with distinct spatial-spectral profiles. Model comparison demonstrated that frontal slow-wave self-coupling (Component 1) undergoes a discrete, stepwise state-space reconfiguration during loss of consciousness, whereas posterior alpha coupling (Component 2) exhibits a smooth, continuous decay with propofol titration. Phase-space kinetic trajectories confirmed a highly directed transition at unconsciousness onset, followed by confined local oscillations during deep anesthesia.\n\nConclusion: This multi-dimensional decomposition framework captures discrete versus continuous neural dynamics, providing objective, state-sensitive biomarkers for precisely monitoring anesthesia depth and cortical state transitions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , ,",
    "Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , ,",
    "Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine , ,",
    "Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Primate Neurobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , ,"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chuan-Di Tong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yun Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zhou-Jing Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jie-Lu Yu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jie-Chun Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Dong-Li Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Meng-Fan Hu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Chen Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ruo-Yu Xia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xue-Ying Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yi-Qi Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ruo-Ying Xie"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2ts0vjww00eca.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1950745",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13672537/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "2ts0vjww00eca",
  "issns": [
    "1662-4548",
    "1662-453X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13672537",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2703|Anesthesia and Sedative Agents"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7216480153",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13672537/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13672537",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-02",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2ts0vjww00eca.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:18Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13672537",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13672537"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:23Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fnins.2026.1950745",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2026.1950745/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2703|Anesthesia and Sedative Agents",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Tensor decomposition reveals discrete cortical reorganization under graded propofol anesthesia",
  "title_text": "Tensor decomposition reveals discrete cortical reorganization under graded propofol anesthesia",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:23Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2ts0vjww00eca",
  "venue": "Frontiers in neuroscience",
  "versions": []
}