{
  "abstract": "Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of preventable vision loss among working-age adults, arises from chronic hyperglycemic injury to the retinal microvasculature; current interventions such as anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injection are largely reactive, and mechanism-anchored herbal options remain undefined. We constructed a multiscale interactome and applied a biased random-walk diffusion model to prioritize herbal candidates, candidate compounds, and mechanisms for DR. Herb–ingredient records were drawn from OASIS; ingredient targets from DrugBank, TTD, and STITCH; and disease genes from DisGeNET. For each herb and compound, we computed diffusion profiles, correlated them with the DR profile, and assessed target-overlap significance by hypergeometric test. Eleven herbs combining high correlation (top 5%) with significant overlap (p < 0.05) were retained, led by Pini Koraiensis Semen (0.0263), Benincasae Exocarpium (0.0183), and Veratri Rhizoma Et Radix (0.0162); none had been previously investigated for DR. CASP3 emerged as a target shared by all eleven herbs, and enrichment analysis highlighted the advanced glycation end product–receptor for AGE (AGE–RAGE), TNF, IL-17, and NF-κB pathways alongside apoptosis and reactive-oxygen-species responses. Compound-level analysis recovered evidence-supported quercetin, resveratrol, oleic acid, luteolin, and diosgenin and nominated tectorigenin and cucurbitacins as novel candidates. This framework recapitulates known DR biology and elevates testable multi-target leads that warrant experimental validation for diabetic retinopathy.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea",
    "Research Center of Traditional Korean Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea",
    "Forensic Chemistry Division, National Forensic Service, 10 Ipchun-ro, Wonju-si 26460, Republic of Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yeong-Seon Ahn"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ji-In Chae"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Seok-Hoon Han"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Won-Yung Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Chihyun Park"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2v37b2ryyvxp3.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27209066",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13705217/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "2v37b2ryyvxp3",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9066",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1703|Computational Drug Discovery Methods"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221720249",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13705217/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13705217",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2v37b2ryyvxp3.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:55Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27209066",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9066"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:44Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13705217",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13705217"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "issn:1422-0067",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Multiscale Interactome Analysis Prioritizes Candidate Herbs and Compounds for Diabetic Retinopathy",
  "title_text": "Multiscale Interactome Analysis Prioritizes Candidate Herbs and Compounds for Diabetic Retinopathy",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:44Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2v37b2ryyvxp3",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}