{
  "abstract": "Background: To investigate the impact of spectacle correction on visual development and axial length (AL) in children with moderate to high astigmatism.\n\nMethods: A nested cohort study analyzed 82 first-grade students (age: 7.13 ± 0.36 years) with cylindrical power ≥ 1.25 diopters (D) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≤ 0.1 (logMAR) from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), BCVA, cycloplegic autorefraction and AL were measured at baseline, 1-year and 2-year follow-up. Based on whether parents provided spectacle correction for their children, children were categorized into the spectacles group (n = 17) and non-spectacles group (n = 65), which was stratified into tertiles by cylindrical power (C): 1.25 D ≤ C < 1.50 D (n = 18), 1.50 D ≤ C < 1.75 D (n = 21), C ≥ 1.75 D (n = 26).\n\nResults: Compared to the non-spectacles group, the spectacles group exhibited a significantly greater myopic shift in spherical equivalent refraction (P = 0.006) and longer AL (P < 0.05) by the 2-year follow-up. Conversely, the non-spectacles group demonstrated a significant reduction in cylindrical power (P < 0.001) and improvement in UCVA (P = 0.013). Longitudinal analysis of the non-spectacles subgroups revealed a significant emmetropization in SER and axial elongation over the 2-year period (all P < 0.05), with no significant inter-group deviations among the three subgroups (P > 0.05). However, higher baseline astigmatism was significantly associated with worse BCVA at the 2-year follow-up (P = 0.014).\n\nConclusions: For school-aged children with moderate to high astigmatism and normal baseline BCVA (≤ 0.1 logMAR), the absence of spectacle correction may not impede visual development or accelerate axial elongation. Clinical decision-making should prioritize individualized assessment of visual demands and symptoms, rather than relying solely on cylindrical power.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China",
    "Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing United Family Hospital and Clinics, Beijing, China",
    "Anyang Eye Hospital, Anyang, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ying Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Congying Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lei Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "He Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yongfang Tu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mengtian Kang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ningli Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shi-Ming Li"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2v6qn1str3ypb.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s12886-026-05140-w",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13712091/",
  "id": "2v6qn1str3ypb",
  "issns": [
    "1471-2415"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05140-w",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7171732342",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13712091",
  "pmid": "42934555",
  "published": "2026-07-29",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2v6qn1str3ypb.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:22:44Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13712091",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12886-026-05140-w"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effect of spectacle correction on visual development and axial length in children with moderate to high astigmatism: a nested cohort study",
  "title_text": "Effect of spectacle correction on visual development and axial length in children with moderate to high astigmatism: a nested cohort study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:22:44Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2v6qn1str3ypb",
  "venue": "BMC Ophthalmology",
  "versions": []
}