{ "abstract": "Background: War profoundly affects quality of life (QOL) by disrupting daily routines, damaging infrastructure, and creating fear and uncertainty. This study aimed to develop and preliminarily validate the Arabic Quality of Life During War Scale (AQOL-War). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Sudan during wartime from June 11 to September 10, 2024. Data were collected through an anonymous online survey and face-to-face interviews. Cronbach’s alpha was used to measure the tool’s internal consistency. We assessed face, content, concurrent, and structural validity, along with measurement invariance. Results: Among 635 participants, the mean age was 27.9 ± 9.1 years, 72.1% were females, 65.4% lived in urban areas, 67.1% lived in their own house, 71.5% were single, 70.1% had a university education, 71.7% were not currently employed, 19.2% were from Khartoum State, and 21.3% reported losing a family member during the recent war. Exploratory factor analysis yielded a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) of 0.889, and Bartlett’s test was significant (χ² = 4965.76, p < 0.001). Three factors (environment and security, psychological health, and physical health) with eigenvalues > 1 were extracted with a cumulative variance explained of 41.8%. Confirmatory factor analysis showed satisfactory model fit (χ2 = 831.36, p < 0.001) with good fit indices [root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.06, root mean square residual (RMR) = 0.04, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.916, goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.936, Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.905, and non-normed fit index (NNFI) = 0.905]. The overall Cronbach’s alpha for the quality-of-life tool was 0.93; values for “environment and security”, “psychological health”, and “physical health” were 0.94, 0.84, and 0.83, respectively. Conclusions: The AQOL-War demonstrated satisfactory preliminary validity, reliability, and configural and metric invariance. It may provide a contextually relevant measure for researchers and clinicians working with Arabic-speaking populations affected by war. Further cross-context replication and longitudinal evaluation are needed.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Department of Occupational Health and Industrial Medicine, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.", "Department of Family Health (Maternal and Child Health), High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.", "Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.", "Department of Biostatistics and Demography, Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.", "Department of Applied Statistics and Econometrics, Faculty of Graduate Studies for Statistical Research, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.", "Department of Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.", "Department of Geriatric Medicine, Electricity Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.", "Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.", "Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.", "Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Al Mughtaribeen University, Sudan International University, Khartoum, Sudan.", "Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Khartoum, Sudan.", "Ibrahim Malik Hospital, Port Sudan, Sudan.", "Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt." ], "article_type": "Research Article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 13, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Mohamed Fakhry Hussein", "orcid": "0000-0003-3775-6226" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Yasmine Yousry Mohamed", "orcid": "0000-0002-0556-2286" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Basma Tolba" }, { "affs": [ 3 ], "name": "Suzan Abdel-Rahman" }, { "affs": [ 4 ], "name": "Mahmoud A Abdel-Fattah", "orcid": "0009-0000-6603-6207" }, { "affs": [ 5 ], "name": "Nesma Gamal Elsheikh" }, { "affs": [ 6 ], "name": "Nehal Elkholy" }, { "affs": [ 7 ], "name": "Assem Gebreal", "orcid": "0000-0002-2155-8500" }, { "affs": [ 8 ], "name": "Ayoub Ali Alshaikh" }, { "affs": [ 9 ], "name": "Alaa Yahia Fadle Modawy" }, { "affs": [ 10 ], "name": "Omelhassan Abdelgader Alawad" }, { "affs": [ 11 ], "name": "Randa Bushra Ibrahim Elbushra" }, { "affs": [ 8, 12 ], "name": "Ramy Mohamed Ghazy", "orcid": "0000-0001-7611-706X" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2yc9bw3kvsbwk.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0358784", "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13718929", "id": "2yc9bw3kvsbwk", "issns": [ "1932-6203" ], "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358784", "language": "eng", "licence": "CC-BY", "licence_label": "CC BY", "licence_source": "article", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "heading", "Biology and Life Sciences" ], [ "heading", "Engineering and Technology" ], [ "heading", "Factor Analysis" ], [ "heading", "Health Care" ], [ "heading", "Mathematical and Statistical Techniques" ], [ "heading", "Mathematics" ], [ "heading", "Measurement" ], [ "heading", "Medicine and Health Sciences" ], [ "heading", "Mental Health and Psychiatry" ], [ "heading", "National Security" ], [ "heading", "Physical Sciences" ], [ "heading", "Political Science" ], [ "heading", "Psychology" ], [ "heading", "Psychometrics" ], [ "heading", "Quality of Life" ], [ "heading", "Research Article" ], [ "heading", "Research and Analysis Methods" ], [ "heading", "Social Psychology" ], [ "heading", "Social Sciences" ], [ "heading", "Statistical Methods" ], [ "heading", "Statistics" ], [ "heading", "War and Civil Unrest" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Psychometrics" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Psychology/Social psychology" ], [ "plos", "/Engineering and technology/Measurement" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Health care/Quality of life" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Mental health and psychiatry" ], [ "plos", "/Physical sciences/Mathematics/Statistics/Statistical methods/Factor analysis" ], [ "plos", "/Research and analysis methods/Mathematical and statistical techniques/Statistical methods/Factor analysis" ], [ "plos", "/Social sciences/Political science/National security" ], [ "plos", "/Social sciences/Political science/War and civil unrest" ], [ "plos", "/Social sciences/Psychology/Psychometrics" ], [ "plos", "/Social sciences/Psychology/Social psychology" ] ], "openalex": null, "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13718929?pdf=render", "pmcid": "PMC13718929", "pmid": "42955922", "published": "2026-10-29", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2yc9bw3kvsbwk.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:17Z", "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0358784", "source": "plos", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358784" }, { "first_seen": "2026-11-01T00:20:36Z", "native_id": "MED:42955922", "source": "europepmc", "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42955922" }, { "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:22:51Z", "native_id": "PMC13718929", "source": "pmc", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358784" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "biology", "origin": "heading:Biology and Life Sciences", "subfield": "general" }, { "field": "mathematics", "origin": "plos:statistical methods", "subfield": "statistics" }, { "field": "medicine", "origin": "plos:mental health and psychiatry", "subfield": "psychiatry" } ], "title": "Development and preliminary validation of the Arabic Quality of Life During War Scale (AQOL-War)", "title_text": "Development and preliminary validation of the Arabic Quality of Life During War Scale (AQOL-War)", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:22:51Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2yc9bw3kvsbwk", "venue": "PLOS One", "versions": [] }