{
  "abstract": "Estimating the expectation value of an observable $O$ for a quantum state evolved under a general, possibly non-unitary, operator $A$ is a fundamental task in quantum simulation, chemistry, and variational algorithms. Existing linear-combination-of-unitaries (LCU) approaches implement $A$ on hardware, requiring ancilla qubits, controlled unitaries and, in randomized variants, fresh circuit executions for every Monte Carlo sample. These costs are prohibitive on NISQ and early fault-tolerant devices. We propose HERMES (Hardware-Efficient Reusable Measurements for Estimating LCU-based expectation valueS), which moves the processing of $A$ entirely to the classical domain. Expanding $A$ and $O$ in the Pauli basis and sampling pairs of Pauli terms classically, HERMES rewrites $μ= \\mathrm{Tr}(OAρA^{\\dagger})/\\mathrm{Tr}(AρA^{\\dagger})$ as a ratio of weighted sums of Pauli expectation values on the unmodified state $ρ$, with no ancillas, controlled unitaries, or quantum implementation of $A$. A two-level measurement reduction scheme (Pauli deduplication and commuting-group partitioning) bounds the number of distinct measurement settings independently of the sample count, unlike randomized LCU methods whose circuit executions grow linearly with it. On ground-state energy estimation of $\\mathrm{H}_2$ and $\\mathrm{LiH}$ via imaginary-time evolution, HERMES matches or beats Pauli single-ancilla LCU baseline using shallow circuits with no two-qubit gates beyond state preparation under qubit-wise commuting grouping. It is also more robust to noise and completes a noisy $\\mathrm{LiH}$ simulation infeasible for the baseline, at the cost of classical overhead growing with the number of Pauli terms in $A$.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.32841",
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Hari Hara Suthan Chittoor"
    },
    {
      "name": "Thirumalai Manimaran"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2zewfm6tgcw6e.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.32841",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "2zewfm6tgcw6e",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.32841",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "cs.ET"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "quant-ph"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1702|Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223687903",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.32841",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2zewfm6tgcw6e.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:35:15Z",
      "native_id": "2610.32841",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.32841"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:quant-ph",
      "subfield": "quantum"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Hardware-Friendly Estimation of LCU-Based Expectation Values via Quantum-to-Classical Workload Shifting",
  "title_text": "Hardware-Friendly Estimation of LCU-Based Expectation Values via Quantum-to-Classical Workload Shifting",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:35:15Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/2zewfm6tgcw6e",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}