{
  "abstract": "Purpose\n\nImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy but are associated with immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including cardiotoxicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the incidence, mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of ICI-associated cardiotoxicity, highlighting emerging biomarkers, diagnostic algorithms, and risk stratification strategies.Methods\n\nWe conducted a narrative review of the literature, synthesizing findings from recent clinical studies, guidelines, and case reports concerning ICI-associated cardiovascular complications such as myocarditis, pericarditis, and arrhythmias. As a narrative rather than systematic review, studies were selected to illustrate current concepts and were not appraised against predefined eligibility criteria.Key findings\n\nICIs are associated with a low overall incidence of cardiovascular toxicities; however, myocarditis remains the most severe and potentially life-threatening manifestation. Reported case-fatality estimates vary widely, and the highest figures derive largely from early case series and pharmacovigilance data. Emerging biomarkers, evolving risk stratification tools, and updated diagnostic and management frameworks may improve early recognition, guide timely intervention, and support multidisciplinary care for patients with suspected ICI-associated cardiotoxicity, although most supporting evidence remains retrospective.Conclusions\n\nEarly recognition and prompt management of ICI-associated cardiotoxicities are essential for improving patient outcomes. This review provides oncologists and cardiologists with updated diagnostic approaches, treatment frameworks, and practical considerations for monitoring at-risk patients, while acknowledging that current recommendations rest largely on low-certainty evidence.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA. haddads2@ccf.org.",
    "Cairo University School of Medicine, Cairo, Egypt.",
    "School of Medicine, Anáhuac Querétaro University, Querétaro, Mexico.",
    "Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.",
    "Department of Emergency Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.",
    "School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.",
    "Department of Emergency Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. mcruz3@mdanderson.org."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sara F Haddad"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lydia Philip"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Leticia Padrón"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Marianne Zoghbi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Kalen Jacobson"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Kathryn Burk"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Patrick Chaftari"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Danna Michelle Markides"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Sarah Dendy"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Pavitra Krishnamani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Alejandro Mendoza Hernández"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "María Teresa Cruz Carreras"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/300atztfpx5qj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s00520-026-11362-x",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13695659",
  "id": "300atztfpx5qj",
  "issns": [
    "0941-4355",
    "1433-7339"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42925345",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2730|Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223448419",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13695659?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13695659",
  "pmid": "42925345",
  "published": "2026-10-24",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/300atztfpx5qj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42925345",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42925345"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2730|Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated cardiotoxicity: incidence, diagnosis, and management.",
  "title_text": "Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated cardiotoxicity: incidence, diagnosis, and management.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/300atztfpx5qj",
  "venue": "Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer",
  "versions": []
}