{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) exhibits early metastasis, a unique metabolic rigidity and poor clinical outcomes. A substantial, biomarker-definable subset of TNBC depends on glutamine metabolism, which can act as a nutrient source and a regulator of proliferation, redox homeostasis, epigenetic remodelling, and immune evasion.Main body\n\nGlutamine metabolism in TNBC involves several interrelated processes, including transporter regulation, transcriptional control (FOXM1/FUS/SLC7A5 axis), and organelle-specific redox adaptation (ER-PPP/H6PD pathway). Various transporters mediate the uptake of glutamine into the cells. Once inside the cells, glutamine undergoes enzymatic conversion, driving essential metabolic pathways that support the tumor's energy needs, maintain cellular redox balance, and drive epigenetic changes that promote cancer progression. Furthermore, the tumor microenvironment, including spatial immune-metabolic competition/heterogeneity, is significantly influenced by glutamine metabolism. The availability of glutamine can regulate the behavior of immune cells, including T cells and macrophages, potentially leading to immune suppression and contributing to therapeutic resistance.Conclusion\n\nWe concluded that glutamine metabolism is a key dependency in a substantial, biomarker-definable subset of TNBC. The therapeutic potential of glutamine metabolism not only offers a promising avenue for improving treatment outcomes but also presents a means to overcome current therapeutic limitations in TNBC.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy. anam.aftabahmed@studenti.unicz.it.",
    "Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.",
    "Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.",
    "Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy. scumaci@unicz.it."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anam Aftab"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Marilena Pontoriero"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Marina La Chimia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Luca Gallelli"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Domenica Scumaci"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/31es1q8t87r73.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1186/s12964-026-03150-1",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13749777",
  "id": "31es1q8t87r73",
  "issns": [
    "1478-811X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/43010005",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1306|Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7202364060",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13749777?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13749777",
  "pmid": "43010005",
  "published": "2026-08-13",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/31es1q8t87r73.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-12T15:22:43Z",
      "native_id": "MED:43010005",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/43010005"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:1306|Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Glutamine as a context-dependent regulator controlling metabolism and immunity in triple-negative breast cancer.",
  "title_text": "Glutamine as a context-dependent regulator controlling metabolism and immunity in triple-negative breast cancer.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-13T03:20:45Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/31es1q8t87r73",
  "venue": "Cell communication and signaling : CCS",
  "versions": []
}