{
  "abstract": "This paper presents a novel method for converting the divergent Gaussian intensity distribution of a millimeter-wave source into a uniform (flat-top) distribution using a single curved surface. The proposed method combines the surface profile of a collimator with that of a beam shaper. To validate the method, the profile of a single-sided (plano-convex) lens is derived and placed 52 mm in front of a conical horn antenna operating at 100 GHz. The lens transforms the Gaussian radiation of the horn, with an incident beam radius of 11.9 mm, into a uniform beam with a radius of 400 mm at a distance of 3 m. The lens surface profile is optimized using a full-wave-simulation-based procedure, and the resulting output beam is compared with that of a previously designed double-sided (concave-convex) lens. Simulation results show that, within the desired field of view, the optimized single-sided lens produces a flat-top intensity distribution with satisfactory ripple and roll-off. Finally, the sensitivity of the optimized lens to frequency variation is investigated. The proposed lens is suitable for generating uniform illumination in active stand-off millimeter-wave imaging systems.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2611.06053",
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Ehsan Imanbeygi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mohammad Hossein Koohi Ghamsari"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mehdi Ahmadi-Boroujeni"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/32ce5mhcjqb11.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2611.06053",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "32ce5mhcjqb11",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.06053",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "cs.SY"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "eess.SY"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "physics.optics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2611.06053",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/32ce5mhcjqb11.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T15:20:56Z",
      "native_id": "2611.06053",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.06053"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:physics.optics",
      "subfield": "optics-photonics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Millimeter-Wave Gaussian-to-Flat-Top Beam Shaping Using a Single-Curvature Lens: A Novel Approach",
  "title_text": "Millimeter-Wave Gaussian-to-Flat-Top Beam Shaping Using a Single-Curvature Lens: A Novel Approach",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T00:20:19Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/32ce5mhcjqb11",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": [
    {
      "doi": "10.22034/tjee.2026.69505.5094",
      "pid": null,
      "relation": "published-as",
      "title": null,
      "venue": null
    }
  ]
}