{
  "abstract": "Objective\n\nGanoderma lucidum is a bioactive-rich traditional Chinese medicine widely recognized for its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. This study optimized the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) from Himalayan G. lucidum, applying artificial-neural network (ANN) modelling coupled with genetic algorithm (GA) optimization to enhance efficiency.Methods\n\nThe UAE extraction was performed under various process parameters, including treatment duration (i ₁, 5-15 min), ultrasonic amplitude (i ₂, 30%-80%), and solvent concentration (i ₃, 40%-80%), to optimize the yield (w/w%, O ₁), total triterpene content [mg/g, dry weight (dw), O ₂], 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity (%, O ₃) and total phenolic content (mg/g dw, O ₄).Results\n\nThe ANN-GA approach accurately modeled the complex non-linear relationships between input and output parameters, identifying optimal conditions as 5 min (i ₁), 45.63% (i ₂) and 80% (i ₃). Experimental validations under these conditions resulted in (7.63 ± 0.2) %, (34.11 ± 0.01) mg/g dw, (41.55 ± 0.01) % and (10.98 ± 0.01) mg/g dw for O ₁, O ₂, O ₃, and O ₄ respectively. Compared to response surface methodology (RSM) approach, which served only as a benchmark, the ANN-GA approach demonstrated superior predictive accuracy and robustness in optimization.Conclusion\n\nThe ANN-GA approach provides an effective and robust strategy for optimizing herbal extraction processes. This study demonstrates the applicability of ANN-GA as an advanced optimization tool for herbal extraction processes and highlights G. lucidum as a valuable source of natural antioxidants and triterpenes with potential therapeutic relevance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India.",
    "Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721303, India.",
    "ICFRE-Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla 171013, India.",
    "School of Biological and Environmental Science, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, India.",
    "Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava-Poruba 708 00, Czech Republic.",
    "Magan Centre for Applied Mycology, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire MK43 0AL, United Kingdom.",
    "Centre for Sustainable Rural Development, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India.",
    "Department of Engineering Technology, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Sugarland, TX 77479, USA."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sonali Khanal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "T Jayasree Joshi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Pratibha Thakur"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Rachna Verma"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ashwani Tapwal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Dinesh Kumar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Vinod Kumar"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/32jf0kc5c455p.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.chmed.2026.08.018",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13712337",
  "id": "32jf0kc5c455p",
  "issns": [
    "1674-6384",
    "2589-3610"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948392",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2736|Fungal Biology and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7204641842",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13712337?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13712337",
  "pmid": "42948392",
  "published": "2026-08-29",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/32jf0kc5c455p.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:35Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42948392",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42948392"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:22:56Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13712337",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chmed.2026.08.018"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2736|Fungal Biology and Applications",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Hybrid modeling of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phytochemicals from Himalayan Ganoderma lucidum using artificial neural network-genetic algorithm.",
  "title_text": "Hybrid modeling of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phytochemicals from Himalayan Ganoderma lucidum using artificial neural network-genetic algorithm.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:22:56Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/32jf0kc5c455p",
  "venue": "Chinese herbal medicines",
  "versions": []
}