{
  "abstract": "A three-channel fluorescence sensor array based on Echium amoenum-derived carbon dots (EA-CDs) was developed for the simultaneous discrimination and quantitative determination of amlodipine (AML), losartan (LOS), atorvastatin (ATO), and clopidogrel (CLO). The EA-CDs were synthesized through a hydrothermal method and exhibited nanoscale dimensions, excitation-dependent photoluminescence, abundant oxygen- and nitrogen-containing surface functional groups, and a fluorescence quantum yield of 41.55%. To generate differential sensing responses, Mg 2+ and Al 3+ were introduced as auxiliary metal ions, forming three sensing channels consisting of EA-CDs (S1), EA-CDs–Mg 2+ (S2), and EA-CDs–Al 3+ (S3). The four target drugs produced distinct fluorescence fingerprints that enabled effective discrimination using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Optimization studies identified pH 7, 250 μM Mg 2+ , and 750 μM Al 3+ as the most suitable sensing conditions, and clear discrimination was maintained over drug concentrations of 2–50 μg/mL. The sensor array also exhibited good selectivity toward the target drugs in the presence of common interfering species. Quantitative analysis provided drug-dependent calibration responses with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.912 to 0.97. Recovery values ranged from 97.60% to 104.67%, with relative standard deviations of 0.45–3.20%, demonstrating acceptable accuracy and precision. These results indicate that the proposed EA-CD/Mg 2+ /Al 3+ fluorescence sensor array provides a simple and effective platform for multicomponent discrimination and quantitative analysis of antihypertensive and cardiovascular drugs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Louisiana State University, 5313 Oakbrook Drive, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States",
    "Islamic Azad University"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zahra Hassani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Maryam Mohammadi"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/33g08wpd5mjvv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15008790/v1",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "33g08wpd5mjvv",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008790/v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2505|Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212538001",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-14",
  "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/33g08wpd5mjvv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:19Z",
      "native_id": "10.26434/chemrxiv.15008790",
      "source": "chemrxiv",
      "url": "https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15008790/v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2505|Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "EA-Derived Carbon Dot Fluorescence Sensor Array for Simultaneous Discrimination and Quantification of Amlodipine, Losartan, Atorvastatin, and Clopidogrel",
  "title_text": "EA-Derived Carbon Dot Fluorescence Sensor Array for Simultaneous Discrimination and Quantification of Amlodipine, Losartan, Atorvastatin, and Clopidogrel",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:19Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/33g08wpd5mjvv",
  "venue": "ChemRxiv",
  "versions": []
}