{
  "abstract": "Glacial erosion plays a critical role in shaping alpine topography,yet the coupled effects of ice deformation, basal sliding, andbedrock erosion on millennial-scale valley morphodynamics remainchallenging to quantify. This study presents three-dimensionalsimulations of glacier dynamics and bed evolution in Xue MountainGlacial Cirque No.~2, Taiwan, over an effective glaciation timescaleof 9~ka. The nonlinear Stokes equations with Glen's flow law aresolved using a stabilized equal-order Galerkin least-squares (GLS)finite element method coupled with a basal sliding law, an empiricalerosion law, and an Arbitrary Lagrangian--Eulerian (ALE) moving-meshformulation. Numerical experiments evaluate how ice thickness andthe basal sliding constant govern long-term bed lowering and valleydevelopment. Spatially concentrated basal erosion along the valleyaxis progressively deepens and widens an initially V-shaped valley,producing a characteristic U-shaped cross-section. Sensitivityanalyses reveal nonlinear coupled effects of ice thickness and thebasal sliding constant on bed-normal lowering distance, as increasingice thickness enhances basal sliding velocity and, consequently,subglacial erosion rates. Using the present-day valley-floor elevationas a geomorphic constraint yields a physically plausible reconstructionof former glacier conditions. After 9 ka, the reconstructed bed profilereproduces the smooth U-shaped morphology, with a minimum elevationof 3716.6 m, only 0.6 m above the present-day valley-floor elevationof 3716 m used as a constraint. These findings demonstrate howintegrated flow-sliding-erosion modeling provides quantitativeinsights into the long-term morphodynamic evolution of subtropicalalpine glacial landscapes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 1,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Hsueh-Chen Lee"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/33g28e08zkjet.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.31223/x5fr4j",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "33g28e08zkjet",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://eartharxiv.org/repository/view/15154/",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "bepress",
      "Earth Sciences"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "Geomorphology"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "Glaciology"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "Physical Sciences and Mathematics"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "basal sliding"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "bedrock erosion"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "finite element method"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "glacial cirque"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "glacier flow;"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "glacier-bed evolution"
    ],
    [
      "bepress",
      "subtropical glaciation"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1902|Cryospheric studies and observations"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214239806",
  "pdf_url": "https://eartharxiv.org/repository/object/15154/download/26380/",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-24",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/33g28e08zkjet.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:36Z",
      "native_id": "15154",
      "source": "eartharxiv",
      "url": "https://eartharxiv.org/repository/view/15154/"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "bepress:Geomorphology",
      "subfield": "geology-geochemistry"
    },
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "bepress:Glaciology",
      "subfield": "oceanography"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Glacier Flow and U-Shaped Valley Evolution in Subtropical Taiwan",
  "title_text": "Three-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Glacier Flow and U-Shaped Valley Evolution in Subtropical Taiwan",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/33g28e08zkjet",
  "venue": "EarthArXiv",
  "versions": []
}