{
  "abstract": "Measurements of surface-atmosphere carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes have been relatively sparse across the Arctic tundra and boreal biomes, causing significant uncertainties in carbon budget estimates from the region. While the availability of Arctic-boreal carbon flux data has increased substantially over the past decade, the data have remained spread across different repositories, scientific articles, and unpublished sources, making it difficult to leverage. Here we present a new dataset of monthly Arctic-boreal carbon fluxes (ABCFlux v2) across terrestrial (wetlands and uplands) and freshwater (lakes and rivers) ecosystems compiled from previous syntheses including the Arctic-boreal CO2 flux database (ABCFlux v1), the Boreal-Arctic Wetland and Lake Methane Dataset (BAWLD-CH4), and the Global River Methane Database (GRiMeDB). In addition, we consider data from general-purpose (e.g., Zenodo) and flux network repositories, literature, and site principal investigators. The dataset includes surface-atmosphere CO2 fluxes of gross primary production (GPP), ecosystem respiration (Reco), and net ecosystem exchange (NEE), alongside CH4 fluxes. For aquatic ecosystems, we split CH4 fluxes into diffusive and ebullitive flux pathways, and included potential emissions from transient storage in the water column (“storage fluxes”), alongside CO2 and CH4 concentrations dissolved in the surface water. Fluxes are measured through a variety of methods including chamber and eddy covariance techniques alongside bubble traps, ice-surveys, and concentration-based turbulence-driven modelling in aquatic ecosystems. The monthly flux data are reported together with supporting methodological and environmental metadata. The resulting ABCFlux v2 has 23,656 flux site-months, 8,182 concentration site-months, and 199 seasonal observations from 1,024 sites, and includes 55,560 reported fluxes (i.e. sum of GPP, Reco, NEE, and CH4 fluxes) from the years 1984 to 2024. The majority of monthly observations occurred after 1999. Wetlands had the highest number of site-month observations (8,641), followed by boreal forest (6,981), lotic ecosystems (6,275), lentic ecosystems (3,725) and upland tundra (3,308). Measurements of CO2 dominated the dataset across most ecosystem types (25,101) except for lentic ecosystems, where CH4 flux site-months (3,024) were more frequent than CO2 flux site-months (2,858). Overall, ABCFlux v2 includes 158 % more site-months for terrestrial CO2 flux data compared to ABCFlux v1. Integrating and updating BAWLD-CH4 flux data from growing season averages to monthly fluxes resulted in 5,671 site-months of chamber CH4 data compared to 762 site-years. This collaborative initiative, involving contributions from over 260 researchers, provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the Arctic-boreal carbon flux network and its data, and serves as an important step in reducing uncertainties in Arctic-boreal carbon budgets and in enhancing our understanding of climate feedbacks. The data can be accessed at ORNL DAAC at https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2448 (Virkkala et al., 2025b).",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Woodwell Climate Research Center (Falmouth, United States of America)",
    "Woodwell Climate Research Center, Falmouth, MA, USA",
    "Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany",
    "Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada",
    "Department of Ecology, Environment and Geoscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden",
    "Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada",
    "Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA",
    "Department of Thematic Studies-Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden",
    "Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway",
    "Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, USA",
    "Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland",
    "Department of Geography, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada",
    "NORCE Norwegian Research Centre and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway",
    "Water and Environmental Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA",
    "University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan",
    "Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, Helsinki, Finland",
    "Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India",
    "Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Vienna, Austria",
    "WasserCluster Lunz, Biologische Station, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, 3293 Lunz am See, Austria",
    "Global Institute for Water Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada",
    "Laboratoire d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France",
    "Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia",
    "Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria",
    "Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland",
    "Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden",
    "Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 463, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden",
    "Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada",
    "Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Environment, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA",
    "Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA",
    "Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Potsdam, Germany",
    "Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany",
    "Centre d'études nordiques (CEN), Université Laval, Québec, Canada",
    "Department of Applied Geomatics, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada",
    "Department Shelf Sea System Ecology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helgoland, Germany",
    "Aix-Marseille University, University Toulon, CNRS, IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (M.I.O.), Marseille, France",
    "Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago, 7800003, Chile",
    "CMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Lecce, Italy",
    "School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada",
    "Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany",
    "Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 100,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anna‐Maria Virkkala",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4877-2918"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Isabel K. Wargowsky",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6654-1414"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Judith Vogt",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2502-7560"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        1
      ],
      "name": "McKenzie A. Kuhn"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Simran Madaan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tiffany Windholz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kyle A. Arndt",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4158-2054"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Gerard Rocher‐Ros",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7853-2531"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mathias Goeckede",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2833-8401"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "David Olefeldt",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5976-1475"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Edward A. G. Schuur",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1096-2436"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "David Bastviken",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0038-2152"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Richard O'Keefe"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Brendan M. Rogers",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6711-8466"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jennifer D. Watts",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7207-8999"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Kelcy Kent",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4803-1899"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Kristoffer Aalstad",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2475-3731"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Kelly Sue Aho",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1992-6378"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Joonatan Ala-Könni",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-7134-0969"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Haley Alcock",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-4935-6501"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Inge Althuizen",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3485-9609"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Christopher D. Arp",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6485-6225"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Jun Asanuma",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1258-5491"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Mika Aurela",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4046-7225"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        16
      ],
      "name": "Balathandayuthabani Panneer Selvam",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9058-3048"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        17,
        18
      ],
      "name": "Katrin Attermeyer",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6503-9497"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        19
      ],
      "name": "Alan Barr",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2717-218X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        20
      ],
      "name": "Maialen Barret",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1583-4502"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        21
      ],
      "name": "Ochirbat Batkhishig",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6012-0395"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        22,
        23
      ],
      "name": "Christina Biasi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7413-3354"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        24,
        25
      ],
      "name": "Mats P. Björkman",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5768-1976"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        26
      ],
      "name": "T. Andrew Black",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7494-9767"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        27
      ],
      "name": "Elena Blanc‐Betes",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2049-4613"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        28
      ],
      "name": "Pascal Bodmer",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7383-889X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        29,
        30
      ],
      "name": "Julia Boike",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5875-2112"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Abdullah Bolek",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8002-9756"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        31,
        32
      ],
      "name": "Frédéric Bouchard",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9687-3356"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        33
      ],
      "name": "Ingeborg Bussmann",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1197-7461"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        34,
        35
      ],
      "name": "Léa Cabrol",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0417-2021"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        36
      ],
      "name": "Eleonora Canfora",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6613-8702"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        37
      ],
      "name": "Sean K. Carey",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3316-228X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        38
      ],
      "name": "Karel Castro‐Morales",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1245-3982"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        39
      ],
      "name": "Namyi Chae",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0494-7608"
    },
    {
      "name": "Andreas Christen",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3864-1703"
    },
    {
      "name": "Torben R. Christensen",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4917-148X"
    },
    {
      "name": "Casper Tai Christiansen",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4526-614X"
    },
    {
      "name": "Housen Chu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8131-4938"
    },
    {
      "name": "Graham Clark"
    },
    {
      "name": "François Clayer",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6939-400X"
    },
    {
      "name": "Patrick Crill",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1110-3059"
    },
    {
      "name": "Christopher Cunada",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8320-6271"
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    {
      "name": "Scott J. Davidson",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8327-2121"
    },
    {
      "name": "Joshua F. Dean",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9058-7076"
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    {
      "name": "Sigrid Dengel",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4774-9188"
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    {
      "name": "Matteo Detto",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0494-188X"
    },
    {
      "name": "Catherine M. Dieleman",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4280-5849"
    },
    {
      "name": "Florent Dominé",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6438-6879"
    },
    {
      "name": "Egor Dyukarev",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7019-4459"
    },
    {
      "name": "Colin W. Edgar",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7026-8358"
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    {
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/36ds07kdn170r.bib",
  "cited_by": 5,
  "doi": "10.5194/essd-18-6357-2026",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "36ds07kdn170r",
  "issns": [
    "1866-3508",
    "1866-3516"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-6357-2026",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1902|Climate change and permafrost"
    ]
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  "pdf_url": "https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/18/6357/2026/essd-18-6357-2026.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-03",
  "publisher": "Copernicus Publications",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/36ds07kdn170r.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T13:21:15Z",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-6357-2026"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:1902|Climate change and permafrost",
      "subfield": "climate"
    }
  ],
  "title": "ABCFlux v2: Arctic–boreal CO 2 and CH 4 monthly flux observations and ancillary information across terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems",
  "title_text": "ABCFlux v2: Arctic–boreal CO 2 and CH 4 monthly flux observations and ancillary information across terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T13:21:15Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/36ds07kdn170r",
  "venue": "Earth system science data",
  "versions": []
}