{
  "abstract": "In high-density tourist districts, visitors are continuously exposed to the visual environments of surrounding streets, forecourts, and small public spaces before reaching an attraction, and these transitional spaces may influence short-term restorative states. Existing research has typically examined urban-scale streetscape characteristics and human responses under experimental conditions separately, with limited provision of a reproducible procedure for selecting experimental stimuli from large environmental samples. Taking the high-density urban core around Hong Kong’s Victoria Harbour as a case study, this study identified 66 tourism-related sites and acquired four fixed-direction streetscape images for each site, yielding 264 images in total. A 66 × 11 objective environmental matrix was constructed from five GIS-based environmental indicators and six streetscape-image proxy indicators. Principal component analysis (PCA) summarized the dominant environmental gradients, and k = 6 K-means was retained as a pragmatic six-group sampling solution aligned with the pre-specified six-scene experimental capacity rather than as a uniquely optimal or stable urban typology. Forty-six of 48 registered adults contributed 108 focal-scene exposures. After BH-FDR correction, significant differences among the six scenes were observed in perceived restorativeness, the proportion of fixations on natural areas of interest (AOIs), gaze entropy, changes in EEG alpha-minus-theta, mean EDA skin conductance level (SCL), and HRV RMSSD, whereas sustained-attention accuracy showed no significant scene effect. Oil Street Art Space exhibited the highest perceived restorativeness (5.69/7), the highest proportion of fixations on natural AOIs (51.4%), and the largest increases in EEG (+2.68) and HRV RMSSD (+11.37 ms), while Western Market showed the lowest restorativeness (4.17/7), the lowest natural-AOI fixation share (31.2%), and the smallest EEG increase (+1.93). Sensitivity analyses showed no evidence of scene-by-order interaction for perceived restorativeness, natural-AOI fixation, gaze entropy, or SART accuracy, but EEG, EDA, and HRV were more order-sensitive; the principal subjective, attentional, EEG, and HRV contrasts remained evident when analysis was restricted to each participant’s earliest focal-scene exposure. These findings therefore support scene-configuration contrasts under short-term static visual exposure. Building on the environmental structure of the 66 sites and the multimodal responses to the six experimental scenes, the study further proposes an archetype-calibrated framework for mapping restorative potential in high-density tourist streetscapes, providing a spatial basis for identifying restorative opportunity nodes and priority intervention areas.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Economics and Management, Huainan Vocational and Technical College",
    "School of Architecture, Tianjin University",
    "School of Design and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology",
    "School of Architecture, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xinliang Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yafei Zhao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xiang Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xiaoju Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jingyuan Cheng"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/36q29fw9dfgdh.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1981997",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13736612/",
  "id": "36q29fw9dfgdh",
  "issns": [
    "2296-2565"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1981997/full",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2307|Urban Green Space and Health"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223173679",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1981997/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13736612",
  "pmid": "42991669",
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/36q29fw9dfgdh.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:24Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1981997",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1981997/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13736612",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1981997"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2307|Urban Green Space and Health",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Restorative streetscapes in high-density urban tourism: environmental archetypes, visual attention, and psychophysiological responses",
  "title_text": "Restorative streetscapes in high-density urban tourism: environmental archetypes, visual attention, and psychophysiological responses",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/36q29fw9dfgdh",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Public Health",
  "versions": []
}