{
  "abstract": "Deer can transmit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to humans and harbour human-extinct variants. Despite this public health threat, ecological mechanisms driving exposure patterns in deer populations remain poorly understood. Our objective was to identify behavioural risk factors by linking serostatus of individual deer to their movement and space use using multilevel logistic regression. We examined serosurveillance data of white-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (O. hemionus) wearing global positioning system devices across an urban–rural gradient in the United States (1151 individuals, 20 sites, 8 states). Seropositivity was positively associated with average human footprint index and negatively associated with average SARS-CoV-2 human wastewater concentration. Seropositivity was not associated with time spent in GAP-modelled deer habitat. Together, these findings provide evidence that human-to-deer transmission could be a primary source of deer SARS-CoV-2 exposure and deer populations may struggle to maintain transmission without repeated spillover from humans. Integrating human and environmental indices with movement behaviours and space use can thus clarify pathways that facilitate cross-species transmission in wildlife.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA",
    "Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA",
    "Center for Wildlife Sustainability Research, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA",
    "Department of Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA",
    "Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA",
    "Department of Geography and Geoinformation Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA",
    "Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA",
    "Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, USA",
    "National Wildlife Research Center, Wildlife Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, USA",
    "Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Alliance, NE, USA",
    "Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA",
    "Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA",
    "School of Natural Resources, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN, USA",
    "Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA",
    "Department of Pathobiology, Wildlife Futures Program, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA",
    "Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA",
    "Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 38,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tyler J. Garwood",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5170-824X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jeremy Alder"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sara Hathaway"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "George Wittemyer",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1640-5355"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Guillaume Bastille-Rousseau",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6799-639X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Tadao Kishimoto"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Michael Egan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Travis Gallo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jennifer M. Mullinax"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Amira A. Roess"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Taylor Anderson"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Tiffany M. Wolf",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1740-4442"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "James D. Forester"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Jennifer L. Malmberg"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Marnee Roundtree"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Georgia C. Titcomb"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Rebecca M. Windell"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Maria A. Diuk-Wasser",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8809-3050"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Laura D. Plimpton"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Meredith C. VanAcker"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Daniel M. Grove"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Justin R. Kosiewska"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Dailee L. Metts"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Cameron Mitchell"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Lisa I. Muller",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7833-2273"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Mark Q. Wilber"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Jacob D. Wyrick"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Kezia R. Manlove",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7200-5236"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Megan Morrison"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Aung N. Chan",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2706-6969"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Jennifer Høy-Petersen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Roderick B. Gagne",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4901-5081"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "W. David Walter"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16
      ],
      "name": "Alec Baker"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Jeffrey C. Chandler"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Grete Wilson-Henjum"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Kim M. Pepin",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9931-8312"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Meggan E. Craft"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/36ymgak2qy63a.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1098/rsbl.2026.0410",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13730802/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "36ymgak2qy63a",
  "issns": [
    "1744-9561",
    "1744-957X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13730802",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Animal Behaviour"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Behaviour"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Health and Disease and Epidemiology"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2739|Zoonotic diseases and public health"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7225154742",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13730802/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13730802",
  "pmid": "42976947",
  "published": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": "The Royal Society",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/36ymgak2qy63a.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:20:46Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13730802",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13730802"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:23:17Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13730802",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2026.0410"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2739|Zoonotic diseases and public health",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "SARS-CoV-2 exposure in deer increases with use of human-modified habitat",
  "title_text": "SARS-CoV-2 exposure in deer increases with use of human-modified habitat",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:23:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/36ymgak2qy63a",
  "venue": "Biology letters",
  "versions": []
}