{
  "abstract": "Introduction: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a time-critical emergency in which rapid access to automated external defibrillators (AEDs) can improve survival. However, most AED location studies assume a single travel mode and often use population alone as a proxy for demand. This study investigates how travel-mode assumptions affect AED accessibility and optimal deployment and develops a risk-informed multimodal spatial optimization framework.\n\nMethods: Using Wuhan, China, as a case study, an age-risk-weighted potential OHCA demand surface was constructed from 17,842 ambulance dispatch records and age-stratified population data across 1,161 1-km grid cells. The existing 3,569 AEDs were treated as fixed facilities. Accessibility was evaluated under driving, cycling, walking, Drive + Walk, and Cycling + Walk scenarios using a 4-min response threshold. Multimodal extensions of the Location Set Covering Problem (LSCP) and Maximal Covering Location Problem (MCLP) were applied to identify full-coverage requirements and priority locations.\n\nResults: Baseline demand-weighted coverage varied substantially by travel mode: 85.07% for driving, 68.27% for cycling, 31.55% for walking, 53.65% for Drive + Walk, and 45.41% for Cycling + Walk. The additional AEDs required for universal coverage ranged from 68 under driving to 521 under walking, with 327 required under Drive + Walk. Under the first-phase MCLP strategy, 65 new AEDs increased Drive + Walk demand-weighted coverage to 73.31%. Sensitivity analysis confirmed that the main findings were robust to alternative mode weights.\n\nDiscussion: AED accessibility and optimal deployment are highly sensitive to responder mobility assumptions. Incorporating heterogeneous travel modes and age-specific OHCA risk can support more realistic, spatially targeted, and resource-efficient AED planning.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Public Administration, Huazhong Agricultural University",
    "Wuhan Emergency Medical Center"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Weicong Luo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jinhao Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuhan He"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fei Wang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3707j9n7r1e7b.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1936570",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13713740",
  "id": "3707j9n7r1e7b",
  "issns": [
    "2296-2565"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1936570/full",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1407|Facility Location and Emergency Management"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221805834",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1936570/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13713740",
  "pmid": "42952797",
  "published": "2026-10-14",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3707j9n7r1e7b.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:22Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1936570",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1936570/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:41Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42952797",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42952797"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:24:14Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13713740",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1936570"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "issn:2296-2565",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Locating automated external defibrillators in urban areas: considering different travel modes",
  "title_text": "Locating automated external defibrillators in urban areas: considering different travel modes",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:21:21Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3707j9n7r1e7b",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Public Health",
  "versions": []
}