{
  "abstract": "TDM involves measuring and interpreting drug concentrations in blood plasma or serum to optimize pharmacotherapy. In psychiatry and neurology, TDM is a well-established tool for personalized drug treatments. The AGNP-TDM task force initially published guidelines for best practice TDM in 2004, 2011, and 2017. A fundamental methodological revision has now been carried out on how to determine therapeutic reference ranges and dose-related reference ranges transparently and systematically. In the current edition, 50 experts in neuropsychopharmacology offer a complete update of both ranges for each substance following an evidence-based approach. Various types of data were considered for reference range determination, ranging from meta-analyses to drug concentrations expected under recommended doses. Therapeutic reference ranges are now listed for 160 neuropsychiatric drugs, newly included for 30 drugs and revised for 88 drugs. Expected drug concentrations can be calculated based on a revised formula for 162 drugs. Obligatory TDM (i.e. for dose titration) is strongly recommended for 15 neuropsychiatric drugs and recommended for 39 drugs. TDM is classified as useful for 49 drugs and potentially useful for 62 drugs, indicating that it is recommended in specific clinical situations, such as suspected non-adherence, insufficient clinical response despite recommended doses, relapse during maintenance treatment, and many more. The 2026 update includes practical pharmacogenetic recommendations that are directly relevant to TDM. This work integrates a combination of strategies to guide drug treatments in clinical practice using all available tools. A consistent implementation of TDM and pharmacogenetic recommendations will enhance neuropsychopharmacotherapy, improve patient outcomes, and reduce healthcare costs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Keio University School of Medicine, Japan",
    "Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, BW, Germany",
    "University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany",
    "partner site Mannheim – Heidelberg – Ulm, Mannheim, Germany",
    "Social Foundation Bamberg, Germany",
    "University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany",
    "Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland",
    "Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich, ZH, Switzerland",
    "University Medical Center Mainz, Germany",
    "University of Göttingen, Faculty of Medicine, NDS, Germany",
    "Regena Private Clinic Bad Brückenau, Germany",
    "Trier University, Germany",
    "University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany",
    "Krankenhaus Mara gGmbh, NRW, Germany",
    "University of Freiburg, Germany",
    "Bolzano Hospital, Trentino-Alto Adige, Italy",
    "Klinikum am Weissenhof, BW, Germany",
    "BKH Kaufbeuren, Germany",
    "Reinier van Arkel groep’s, Netherlands",
    "University of Würzburg, BY, Germany",
    "Klinikum Starnberg, BY, Germany",
    "Vitos Clinic for Forensic Psychiatry, HE, Germany",
    "Institut AGATE gGmbH, Germany",
    "Universität Regensburg, Germany",
    "Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Germany",
    "Varisano Hospital Frankfurt Hoechst, Germany",
    "Vitos Clinic for Forensic Psychiatry, Germany",
    "Parkinson-Klinik Ortenau GmbH & Co. KG, BW, Germany",
    "Saarland University, SL, Germany",
    "Oberberg Specialist Clinic Rhein-Jura, Germany",
    "Institute of Psychological Medicine, Germany",
    "Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, BY, Germany",
    "MVZ Waldkraiburg of Mühldorf Clinics/Hospital, Germany",
    "German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Munich/Augsburg (FKZ 1EE2503B 2025-2030 and FKZ 01EE2303B 2023-2025), BY, Germany",
    "TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, BY, Germany",
    "Medical Park Chiemseeblick in Bernau-Felden, BY, Germany",
    "Danuviusklinik Pfaffenhofen, Germany",
    "German Center for Mental Health Tübingen, BW, Germany",
    "University of Toronto, Canada",
    "St. Joseph Hospital Berlin Weissensee, BE, Germany"
  ],
  "article_type": "review",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 50,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0,
        1,
        2
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      "name": "Xenia Marlene Hart",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6033-0189"
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    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Gerhard Gründer",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7868-3903"
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    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Stefan Unterecker"
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    {
      "affs": [
        6,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Georgios Schoretsanitis",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3851-4117"
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    {
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        8
      ],
      "name": "Christoph Hiemke",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2820-8738"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "I Adamovic"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Friederike Amann",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-7653-3746"
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      "name": "Pierre Baumann",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6253-5225"
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        11,
        12
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      "name": "Niels Bergemann",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9749-7743"
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    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Christian Brandt"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "Hans‐Willi Clement"
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        15
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      "name": "Andreas Conca",
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      "name": "Jürgen Deckert",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1008-4650"
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      "affs": [
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      ],
      "name": "Otto Dietmaier"
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        17
      ],
      "name": "Gabriel Eckermann"
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    {
      "affs": [
        18,
        19
      ],
      "name": "Karin Maria Egberts",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0270-0954"
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    {
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        20
      ],
      "name": "Katharina Endres",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7967-7695"
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    {
      "affs": [
        21
      ],
      "name": "Nicole Erlacher"
    },
    {
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        19
      ],
      "name": "Stefanie Fekete",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1925-6228"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Stefano Ferrea",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9077-8793"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Vincenzo Florio"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        19
      ],
      "name": "Manfred Gerlach"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        22,
        23
      ],
      "name": "Ekkehard Haen",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4430-4148"
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    {
      "affs": [
        24,
        25
      ],
      "name": "Martina Hahn",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8355-8584"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Ursula Havemann‐Reinecke",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2134-7073"
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    {
      "affs": [
        26
      ],
      "name": "Gudrun Hefner",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5892-8993"
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    {
      "affs": [
        27,
        28
      ],
      "name": "Wolfgang H. Jost"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        29
      ],
      "name": "M. I. Kuzin",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0243-8458"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        30,
        31,
        32
      ],
      "name": "Gerd Laux",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6373-9334"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        33,
        34
      ],
      "name": "Stefan Leucht",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4934-4352"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Ignazio Maniscalco",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-8472-8324"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        31,
        35
      ],
      "name": "Andreas Menke",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1498-1992"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        36
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Messer",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5737-7701"
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    {
      "affs": [
        37
      ],
      "name": "Rainald Moessner",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2605-6160"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        38
      ],
      "name": "Daniel J. Müller",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4978-4400"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        39
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Müller"
    },
    {
      "name": "Michael Paulzen",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4198-5160"
    },
    {
      "name": "Holger Petri"
    },
    {
      "name": "Philippe Pfeifer",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8241-3682"
    },
    {
      "name": "Bruno Pfuhlmann",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2501-5500"
    },
    {
      "name": "Peter Riederer"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sibylle Christine Roll"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Maike Scherf‐Clavel",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4780-612X"
    },
    {
      "name": "Markus Schwarz",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8895-3743"
    },
    {
      "name": "Werner Steimer",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8970-1089"
    },
    {
      "name": "Julia Stingl",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1566-8156"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sermin Toto",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8859-6907"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sven Ulrich"
    },
    {
      "name": "Gerald Zernig",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1247-1024"
    },
    {
      "name": "Gabriela Zurek"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/38q1n5jv4t2kc.bib",
  "cited_by": 20,
  "doi": "10.1055/a-2860-7861",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "38q1n5jv4t2kc",
  "issns": [
    "0176-3679",
    "1439-0795"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2860-7861",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3004|Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism"
    ]
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  "openalex": "W7167073974",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": "42392224",
  "published": "2026-07-01",
  "publisher": "Thieme Medical Publishers (Germany)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/38q1n5jv4t2kc.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:56Z",
      "native_id": "W7167073974",
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      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2860-7861"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:3004|Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
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  ],
  "title": "Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology: Update 2026 – Pharmacokinetic, pharmacogenetic and clinical aspects",
  "title_text": "Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology: Update 2026 – Pharmacokinetic, pharmacogenetic and clinical aspects",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T13:21:17Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/38q1n5jv4t2kc",
  "venue": "Pharmacopsychiatry",
  "versions": []
}