{ "abstract": "Bacterial diseases are primarily managed with antibiotics, but vaccination is widely acknowledged as the most efficacious strategy for their prevention. Bacterial polysaccharides serve as key protective antigens in hosts and are therefore consistently prioritized as targets for bacterial vaccine development. Polysaccharide-conjugated vaccines have emerged as a promising and effective approach to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria. In order to construct a vaccine carrier capable of delivering bacterial polysaccharides while inducing robust immune response, this study utilized outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from Salmonella Typhimurium as the vaccine carrier instead of the traditional adjuvant components to enhance the immunogenicity of polysaccharide vaccine. S. Typhimurium was genetically engineered to enable the controlled synthesis of LPS and glycoprotein, which were encapsulated within OMVs as two distinct polysaccharide vaccine formulations. This engineered delivery system was used to deliver the O-antigen polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri 3a, and subsequent validation in a murine model further confirmed that its ability to elicit an effective in vivo immune response. The polysaccharide delivery carrier platform established in this study provides a foundation for the subsequent multi-form delivery of bacterial polysaccharides in next-generation biological vaccines. Author summary: The vaccine platform can standardize the induction of immune responses in the body with high safety and low adverse reactions. Its design also allows for the easy switching of the displayed antigens, thereby achieving high efficacy and wide adaptability. The mutant strain of Salmonella Typhimurium constructed in this study can successfully control the synthesis of O antigen polysaccharide LPS and glycoproteins by adding inducers. This enables the O antigen polysaccharide of the bacteria to serve as a polysaccharide substrate for the synthesis of both LPS and glycoproteins, achieving the purpose of artificially intervening in the delivery form of OMVs. Moreover, by replacing the expression plasmids of polysaccharide antigens and peptide antigens, this vaccine platform can achieve adaptability and universality for different bacterial antigens, providing a foundation for the development of vaccines for different bacteria. Finally, through animal experiments, it has been confirmed that the controllable OMVs-based polysaccharide vaccine delivery platform constructed in this study can effectively induce the production of specific antibody levels in the body, thereby exerting immune protection effects, and at the same time, it has excellent biological safety.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing, China", "College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, China" ], "article_type": "Research Article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 11, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Mengru Li" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Kai Zhou" }, { "name": "Meihong Lei" }, { "name": "Huanhuan Cao" }, { "name": "Xinyu Liu" }, { "name": "Shan Li" }, { "name": "Ruida Wu" }, { "name": "Ming Yang" }, { "name": "Xiaoping Bian" }, { "name": "Longlong Cao" }, { "name": "Qingke Kong" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/39z5cf9prv968.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1014781", "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014781", "id": "39z5cf9prv968", "issns": [ "1553-7374" ], "landing_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014781", "language": null, "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_source": "journal", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Glycobiology/Glycoproteins" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Glycobiology/Polysaccharides" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Cell biology/Cellular structures and organelles/Cell membranes/Membrane proteins/Outer membrane proteins" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Escherichia coli" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Salmonella/Salmonella typhimurium" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Shigella/Shigella flexneri" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Enterobacteriaceae/Escherichia/Escherichia coli" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Enterobacteriaceae/Salmonella/Salmonella typhimurium" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Gut bacteria/Escherichia/Escherichia coli" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Bacteria/Shigella/Shigella flexneri" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Bacterial diseases/Salmonella/Salmonella typhimurium" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Medical conditions/Infectious diseases/Infectious disease control/Vaccines" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Escherichia coli" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Salmonella/Salmonella typhimurium" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Bacterial pathogens/Shigella/Shigella flexneri" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pharmaceutics/Pharmaceutical processing technology/Drug delivery system preparation/Antigen encapsulation" ], [ "plos", "/Research and analysis methods/Animal studies/Experimental organism systems/Model organisms/Escherichia coli" ], [ "plos", "/Research and analysis methods/Animal studies/Experimental organism systems/Prokaryotic models/Escherichia coli" ], [ "plos", "/Research and analysis methods/Model organisms/Escherichia coli" ] ], "openalex": null, "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014781&type=printable", "pmcid": null, "pmid": null, "published": "2026-11-04", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/39z5cf9prv968.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-11-05T12:20:11Z", "native_id": "10.1371/journal.ppat.1014781", "source": "plos", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1014781" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "biology", "origin": "plos:microbiology", "subfield": "microbiology" }, { "field": "medicine", "origin": "plos:infectious diseases", "subfield": "infectious-disease" } ], "title": "Modular design of Salmonella Typhimurium OMV-based nanovaccines for tunable dual-form polysaccharide antigen delivery", "title_text": "Modular design of Salmonella Typhimurium OMV-based nanovaccines for tunable dual-form polysaccharide antigen delivery", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:20:43Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/39z5cf9prv968", "venue": "PLOS Pathogens", "versions": [] }