{
  "abstract": "The formation of heavy seed black holes from the collapse of supermassive stars (SMSs) is a promising pathway to the supermassive black holes (SMBHs). In the conventional direct-collapse scenario, however, SMS formation requires an extremely strong external far-ultraviolet (FUV) field to suppress H$_2$ cooling and fragmentation. Here, we use cosmological radiation-hydrodynamic simulations to show that SMSs can form in metal-free atomic-cooling haloes even under subcritical FUV backgrounds with $J_{21}=1$-$10^2$. We follow the evolution for $\\sim1$-$2~{\\rm Myr}$ after the onset of star formation, including FUV and ionizing radiation from stars formed within the halo. Star formation proceeds through a characteristic two-stage evolution. H$_2$ cooling initially induces fragmentation and the formation of ordinary Pop III stars. Internal FUV radiation from these stars then photodissociates H$_2$ and suppresses further fragmentation, while the surrounding warm gas reservoir contracts under self-gravity and undergoes global collapse through atomic cooling. This collapse drives inflow rates of $\\sim0.1$-$1~{\\rm M_\\odot~yr^{-1}}$ and produces rapidly accreting protostars that reach $\\sim2$-$6\\times10^4~{\\rm M_\\odot}$ by the simulations end. Since rapid accretion is still ongoing, these objects are expected to grow to $\\sim10^5~{\\rm M_\\odot}$ SMSs and then form direct-collapse black holes (DCBHs). The global collapse is accompanied by clustered star formation, producing a compact, top-heavy stellar system around the SMSs. The estimated DCBH abundance, $n_{\\rm DCBH}\\sim10^{-3}$-$10^{-2}~{\\rm cMpc^{-3}}$, is high enough to provide a plausible progenitor population for Little Red Dots and present-day SMBHs. Our results demonstrate that internal stellar feedback can trigger, rather than prevent, SMS formation, substantially relaxing the external FUV requirement for heavy-seed formation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2610.03877",
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Masaki Kiyuna"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sunmyon Chon"
    },
    {
      "name": "Kazuyuki Omukai"
    },
    {
      "name": "Raffaella Schneider"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3ac8syqn01361.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2610.03877",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "3ac8syqn01361",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.03877",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.GA"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7220652040",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.03877",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-02",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3ac8syqn01361.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:27:01Z",
      "native_id": "2610.03877",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.03877"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.GA",
      "subfield": "galaxies"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Internal Radiative Feedback Triggers Global Collapse and Direct-Collapse Black Hole Formation in Metal-free Atomic-Cooling Haloes",
  "title_text": "Internal Radiative Feedback Triggers Global Collapse and Direct-Collapse Black Hole Formation in Metal-free Atomic-Cooling Haloes",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:27:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3ac8syqn01361",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}