{
  "abstract": "Safe and Sustainable by Design (SSbD) is emerging as a transformative framework for integrating safety and sustainability with functionality in nanotechnology. This review provides a unified perspective on SSbD, bridging its scientific foundations, global policy developments, and industrial implementation. We highlight how advances in mechanistic understanding of nanomaterial-biological interactions enable earlier and more predictive safety assessment, supporting informed material design. At the policy level, evolving regulatory and governance approaches across regions are shaping the integration of sustainability and safety requirements. From an industrial perspective, SSbD is driving innovation in material substitution, process optimization, and lifecycle-oriented design. Despite this progress, challenges remain in standardization, data integration, and alignment between regulatory frameworks and industrial practice. This work positions SSbD as a central paradigm for enabling responsible innovation and accelerating the transition toward safer and more sustainable nanotechnologies.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea. zayakhuu19@hanyang.ac.kr.",
    "Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100, Tampere, Finland.",
    "Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.",
    "Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.",
    "Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.",
    "Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory (LNNano), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.",
    "Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Nanomaterials in Health, Empa, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.",
    "Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.",
    "HERACLES Research Center on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Center, Bldg. B, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001, Thermi, Greece.",
    "Department of Research and Development, Safety Core Lab. Co. Ltd, Seoul, 04309, Republic of Korea.",
    "Department of Biosciences & Medical Biology, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.",
    "Nanoinformatics Department, NovaMechanics Ltd, Nicosia, Cyprus.",
    "Entelos Institute, Larnaca, Cyprus.",
    "School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 15772, Athens, Greece.",
    "EnvE.X, K. Palama 11, Thessaloniki, Greece.",
    "National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece.",
    "School for Advanced Study (IUSS), Science, Technology and Society Department, Environmental Health Engineering, Piazza della Vittoria 15, 27100, Pavia, Italy.",
    "Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.",
    "Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.",
    "Tampere Institute for Advanced Study, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.",
    "Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4362, Esch-sur- Alzette, Luxembourg.",
    "AcumenIST SRL, Rue Fétis 19, Etterbeek, 1040, Brussels, Belgium.",
    "Environmental Risk Research Division, Environmental Health Research Department, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.",
    "Environmental Analysis Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Jeonnam-Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.",
    "Sustainable Development Research Group, Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, 30147, Republic of Korea.",
    "Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 15121, Alessandria, Italy.",
    "NovaMechanics MIKE, Piraeus, Greece.",
    "Department of Pharmacy, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus.",
    "Innovative Advanced Materials Inititiave, Rue Belliard 40, 1040, Brussels, Belgium.",
    "School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.",
    "Seven Past Nine d.o.o, 1380, Cerknica, Slovenia.",
    "Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.",
    "Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.",
    "Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100, Tampere, Finland. dario.greco@tuni.fi.",
    "Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790, Helsinki, Finland. dario.greco@tuni.fi."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 38,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zayakhuu Gerelkhuu"
    },
    {
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        1,
        2
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      "name": "Angela Serra"
    },
    {
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        3
      ],
      "name": "Seung-Geun Park"
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    {
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        4
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      "name": "Ishita Virmani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Aline Maria Zigiotto de Medeiros"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Ariadna Acedo-Terrades"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Fotini Nikiforou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
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      "name": "Achilleas Karakoltzidis"
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    {
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        9
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      "name": "Seong-Kwan Kim"
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    {
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        9
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      "name": "Hyeonsoo Eom"
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    {
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        10
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      "name": "Martin Himly"
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    {
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        11,
        12
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      "name": "Dimitris G Mintis"
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        13
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      "name": "Vasileios Minadakis"
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    {
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        13
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      "name": "Dimitra-Danai Varsou"
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      "name": "Spyros Karakitsios"
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    {
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        8,
        14,
        15,
        16,
        17,
        18
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      "name": "Dimosthenis A Sarigiannis"
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        1,
        2,
        19
      ],
      "name": "Giusy Del Giudice"
    },
    {
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        1
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      "name": "Marcella Torres Maia"
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    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Michele Fratello"
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    {
      "affs": [
        11,
        12
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      "name": "Anastasios G Papadiamantis"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        20
      ],
      "name": "Panagiotis Isigonis"
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    {
      "affs": [
        21
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      "name": "Anna Pohl"
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    {
      "affs": [
        22
      ],
      "name": "Sang Hee Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        23
      ],
      "name": "Byung-Tae Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        24
      ],
      "name": "Yang-Won Suh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        25
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      "name": "Candida Lorusso"
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    {
      "affs": [
        25
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      "name": "Francesco Dondero"
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      "name": "Steffi Friedrichs"
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      "name": "Antreas Afantitis"
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      "name": "Haralambos Sarimveis"
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        28
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      "name": "Eva-Kathrin Schillinger"
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    {
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        6
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      "name": "Peter Wick"
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    {
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        5
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      "name": "Diego Stéfani Teodoro Martinez"
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    {
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        12,
        29
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      "name": "Iseult Lynch"
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    {
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      "name": "Thomas E Exner"
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      "name": "Tommaso Serchi"
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        3,
        32
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      "name": "Tae Hyun Yoon"
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    {
      "affs": [
        33,
        34
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      "name": "Dario Greco"
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  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3c859f9354f45.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s40580-026-00583-9",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13669271",
  "id": "3c859f9354f45",
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  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
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  "native_subjects": [
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      "2304|Chemistry and Chemical Engineering"
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  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13669271?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13669271",
  "pmid": "42873391",
  "published": "2026-10-14",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3c859f9354f45.ris",
  "sources": [
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      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:46Z",
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      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42873391"
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2304|Chemistry and Chemical Engineering",
      "subfield": "environmental"
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  ],
  "title": "Safe and sustainable by design (SSbD) for nanotechnology: scientific foundations, global policy perspectives, and industrial practice.",
  "title_text": "Safe and sustainable by design (SSbD) for nanotechnology: scientific foundations, global policy perspectives, and industrial practice.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:46Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3c859f9354f45",
  "venue": "Nano convergence",
  "versions": []
}