{
  "abstract": "Background: Hand hygiene is a cornerstone of infection prevention and control in Primary Health Care (PHC) settings. Despite established guidelines, compliance among PHC nurses in South Africa remains suboptimal. Practical, context-specific educational strategies are needed to strengthen routine practice. This study aimed to develop and validate a skills-based hand hygiene educational intervention suitable for PHC nurses.\n\nMethods: A development-and-validation study design was used. A hand hygiene skills-based educational intervention was developed using evidence, infection prevention and control guidelines and findings from prior exploratory work. The intervention was validated using a three-round Delphi technique with 12 experts in infection prevention and control, healthcare education, public health and quality improvement. Consensus was used to assess the relevance, feasibility and educational suitability.\n\nResults: Consensus was achieved across all Delphi rounds on the validity and appropriateness of the intervention for PHC settings. All five components of the skills-based intervention achieved mean importance and effectiveness ratings of ≥ 4.0 on a five-point Likert scale. Six themes emerged: interactive learning; clinical contextualisation; immediate feedback; regular reinforcement; institutional culture and leadership support; and sustainability.\n\nConclusion: The study produced an expert-validated hand hygiene intervention for PHC nurses. The intervention provides a practical educational framework that for integration into existing infection prevention and control programmes in PHC clinics.\n\nContribution: Further research is required to evaluate its impact on hand hygiene practice and patient outcomes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa",
    "Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Nokwazi I. Dlamini",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-4785-433X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Thembelihle S.P. Ngxongo",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1009-5480"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Nellie Naranjee",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4678-3114"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jeffrey M. Hadebe",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-6573-3495"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3cm6yp1r5gkx3.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.4102/safp.v68i1.6364",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13748498/",
  "id": "3cm6yp1r5gkx3",
  "issns": [
    "2078-6190",
    "2078-6204"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v68i1.6364",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|Infection Control in Healthcare"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7215981794",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13748498",
  "pmid": "43000721",
  "published": "2026-10-06",
  "publisher": "AOSIS",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3cm6yp1r5gkx3.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-13T12:26:19Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13748498",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.4102/safp.v68i1.6364"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|Infection Control in Healthcare",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Developing and validating a hand hygiene skills intervention for Primary Health Care nurses",
  "title_text": "Developing and validating a hand hygiene skills intervention for Primary Health Care nurses",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-14T12:21:28Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3cm6yp1r5gkx3",
  "venue": "South African Family Practice",
  "versions": []
}