{
  "abstract": "Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) share substantial pathological overlap, including brain-specific insulin resistance driven by impaired insulin receptor substrate-1/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling, glycogen synthase kinase-3β dysregulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, and amyloid-β accumulation. Brain-insulin resistance is a key mechanistic link between peripheral metabolic dysfunction and neurodegeneration, although the upstream regulatory pathways remain incompletely defined. Gastrointestinal depletion of butyrate-producing microbial taxa and enrichment of pro-inflammatory genera have been independently documented in T2DM and AD. Gut microbiota dysbiosis propagates insulin resistance through at least five pathways: short-chain fatty acid depletion, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated endotoxemia, bile acid dysregulation, tryptophan-kynurenine imbalance, and vagus nerve disruption. Critically, LPS translocation and kynurenine-driven neurotoxicity propagate AD-relevant neuroinflammation independently of peripheral metabolic dysfunction, implicating a bidirectional gut-brain mechanism. These risks are amplified in Asian populations, who exhibit a lower pancreatic β-cell mass and attenuated insulin secretion that confer disproportionate vulnerability to glucotoxic cycling and its neurological complications. Such a population-specific dimension remains largely absent from reviews. Against this backdrop, traditional Asian fermented foods (chungkookjang, kimchi, and natto) and plant-derived functional ingredients (Eucommia ulmoides, gooseberry, and black garlic) have a preclinical capacity to restore microbial balance, attenuate insulin resistance, and exert neuroprotection. This review integrates these strands into a unified mechanistic and translational framework, positioning gut microbiota modulation through culturally grounded dietary strategies as a tractable approach to reducing the converging burdens of T2DM and AD in Asians.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health and Life Science, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungbuk 27909, Korea",
    "Department of R&D, Daily Manufacturing, Rockwell, NC 28138, USA",
    "Department of Food and Nutrition, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Chungnam 31499, Korea",
    "Department of Bioconvergence, Hoseo University, Chungnam 31499, Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yun-Jung Bae",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1185-3095"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "James W. Daily",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2536-2847"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Sunmin Park",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6092-8340"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3cv3sppac212t.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3746/pnf.2026.151",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13696162/",
  "id": "3cv3sppac212t",
  "issns": [
    "2287-1098",
    "2287-8602"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2026.151",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Gut microbiota and health"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221809269",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13696162?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13696162",
  "pmid": "42935632",
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": "Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition (KFN)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3cv3sppac212t.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:34Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13696162",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2026.151"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42935632",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42935632"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Gut microbiota and health",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Gut Microbiota as a Mechanistic Nexus between Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease: Insulin Resistance, Neuroinflammation, and Functional Food Strategies",
  "title_text": "Gut Microbiota as a Mechanistic Nexus between Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer’s Disease: Insulin Resistance, Neuroinflammation, and Functional Food Strategies",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:33:33Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3cv3sppac212t",
  "venue": "Preventive Nutrition and Food Science",
  "versions": []
}