{ "abstract": "Traditional infectivity-based virion quantification methods, such as 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) and plaque assays, are typically performed in 6-, 12-, 24-, or 48-well cell culture plates and require manual work and analysis based on legacy protocols. Adaptation of these methods to high-throughput formats (96-, 384- or 1,536-well plates) is challenging due to both assay automation constraints and the lack of well surface area available for reliable analysis. Here, we present a scalable alternative to traditional methods that uses whole-well image thresholding to quantify infectious virions by measuring virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) via cell lysis and detachment. The CPE area assay is best positioned as a practical high-throughput preliminary screening tool, effectively quantifying samples within the assay range and flagging samples above or below the concentration thresholds. To improve analysis efficiency and reduce user bias in CPE area selection, we evaluated an nnU-Net model for automated image segmentation against images segmented by manually defined brightness thresholds. The model achieved strong correlation with manual thresholding (R2 = 1.00), showing minimal differences in the identified CPE area and thus demonstrating that nnU-Net accurately reproduces manual analysis. This approach provides two complementary pipelines: manual thresholding, which tolerates adjustments of hyperparameters, and fully automated segmentation via nnU-Net, which streamlines analysis and enhances throughput. This flexible CPE area assay enables accurate and automated quantification in high-throughput screening formats, thereby greatly accelerating a routine laboratory task while decreasing subjectivity and bias. Author summary: Measuring the amount of virus in a biosample is a critical part of viral research and testing of new treatments. Traditional methods are slow, labor-intensive, and not easily scaled up to handle large numbers of samples. In this study, we developed a new approach that makes the process faster, more efficient, scalable, and less reliant on manual steps. We used microscopy imaging to capture how cells respond to virus infections and analyzed these images automatically to identify and measure areas where the virus had damaged cells. The analysis pipeline allows researchers to fine-tune settings or run the process using machine learning. This method is flexible and adaptable to a variety of viruses and experiments. By increasing the number of samples that can be tested at once while reducing the time and effort needed for analysis, our approach has the potential to accelerate research in virology, drug development, and public health.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America", "Zoonotic and Emerging Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America" ], "article_type": "Methods", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 11, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Michael J. Murphy" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Steven Mazur" }, { "name": "Elena N. Postnikova" }, { "name": "Brett P. Eaton" }, { "name": "Gregory A. Kocher" }, { "name": "Winston Chu" }, { "name": "Matthew G. Lackemeyer" }, { "name": "Syed Qasim Gilani" }, { "name": "Jens H. Kuhn" }, { "name": "Michael R. Holbrook" }, { "name": "C. Paul Morris" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3dyvwb68spwjc.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013511", "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013511", "id": "3dyvwb68spwjc", "issns": [ "1553-7358" ], "landing_url": "https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013511", "language": null, "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_source": "journal", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "openalex", "1304|Cell Image Analysis Techniques" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Bunyaviruses/Rift Valley fever virus" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Coronaviruses/SARS coronavirus/SARS CoV 2" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Togaviruses/Alphaviruses/Eastern equine encephalitis virus" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Virology/Viral replication" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Bunyaviruses/Rift Valley fever virus" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Coronaviruses/SARS coronavirus/SARS CoV 2" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/RNA viruses/Togaviruses/Alphaviruses/Eastern equine encephalitis virus" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Bunyaviruses/Rift Valley fever virus" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Coronaviruses/SARS coronavirus/SARS CoV 2" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Viruses/Viral pathogens/Togaviruses/Alphaviruses/Eastern equine encephalitis virus" ], [ "plos", "/Computer and information sciences/Artificial intelligence/Machine learning/Deep learning" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Diagnostic medicine/Virus testing" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Bunyaviruses/Rift Valley fever virus" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Coronaviruses/SARS coronavirus/SARS CoV 2" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Viral pathogens/Togaviruses/Alphaviruses/Eastern equine encephalitis virus" ], [ "plos", "/Research and analysis methods/Microscopy/Light microscopy/Bright field microscopy" ], [ "plos", "/Research and analysis methods/Specimen preparation and treatment/Staining/Crystal violet staining" ] ], "openalex": "W7213408292", "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013511&type=printable", "pmcid": null, "pmid": null, "published": "2026-09-16", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3dyvwb68spwjc.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z", "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013511", "source": "plos", "url": "https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1013511" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "biology", "origin": "plos:microbiology", "subfield": "microbiology" } ], "title": "High-throughput virus quantification using cytopathic effect area analysis", "title_text": "High-throughput virus quantification using cytopathic effect area analysis", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3dyvwb68spwjc", "venue": "PLOS Computational Biology", "versions": [] }