{
  "abstract": "This paper addresses the fundamental power-budget limitation of global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based passive radar in aircraft detection and localization by exploiting multiple satellite illuminators for spatiotemporal hybrid integration. In contrast to single illuminator operation, cross-link coupling effects, manifested as disparate range and Doppler signatures across individual bistatic links, pose a formidable barrier to coherent energy combination. To surmount this challenge, we first introduce a unified kinematic vector (UKV) that projects the target state into a link decoupled common domain. The UKV encapsulates the target direction of arrival (DOA) and monostatic range, three parameters that remain approximately invariant across all bistatic links sharing a common receiver. Building upon the UKV, we develop an interlink range scaling alignment (IRSA) algorithm that coherently integrates target returns along a UKV-constrained trajectory and project the accumulated energy onto a shared monostatic-range, zero-Doppler grid. This registration aligns target responses from disparate links at a unified spatial coordinate, thereby enabling genuine signal-level fusion across illuminators. When applied across multiple coherent frames, UKV-IRSA elevates sub-noise target energy to clearly detectable levels. Extensive numerical simulations and real-data experiments corroborate the efficacy of the proposed approach.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "National Laboratory of Radar Signal Processing, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fan Xu",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-9806-2876"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Feng Luo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1410-1705"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Zixuan He"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiahao Han"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wanyao Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Linrang Zhang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3e59qq8g54jds.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/s26206417",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709166",
  "id": "3e59qq8g54jds",
  "issns": [
    "1424-8220"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944285",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2202|Radar Systems and Signal Processing"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221529407",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709166?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13709166",
  "pmid": "42944285",
  "published": "2026-10-11",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3e59qq8g54jds.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42944285",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944285"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "A Spatiotemporal Hybrid Integration Algorithm for Airborne Target Detection and Localization in Multi-Illuminator GNSS-Based Passive Radar.",
  "title_text": "A Spatiotemporal Hybrid Integration Algorithm for Airborne Target Detection and Localization in Multi-Illuminator GNSS-Based Passive Radar.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3e59qq8g54jds",
  "venue": "Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}