{
  "abstract": "Flexible all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics combine high power-conversion efficiency (PCE) and compatibility with lightweight, conformable substrates, making them attractive for aerospace systems and portable electronics. Gas-quenching-assisted meniscus-based coating offers a promising route towards scalable, high-throughput manufacturing. However, its limited solvent-extraction capability hinders the formation of thick, high-quality mixed Sn–Pb perovskite absorbers required for efficient tandem devices. Here, we identify pronounced vertical morphological and optoelectronic inhomogeneity in blade-coated mixed Sn–Pb perovskite films, with more defects in the upper region, arising from a thorough-thickness drying gradient. To address this limitation, we introduce the additive d-homoserine lactone hydrochloride (d-HLH) into the precursor ink to regulate perovskite crystallization. d-HLH promotes larger grains and suppresses nonradiative recombination, particularly in the upper region, thereby improving vertical homogeneity. Consequently, flexible mixed Sn–Pb perovskite solar cells achieve a PCE of 18.4% with improved operational stability. Integration with a blade-coated wide-bandgap top subcell yields flexible monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells with a champion PCE of 23.6% and a T80 lifetime of 273 h under maximum-power-point tracking at ∼55 °C. Flexible tandem mini-modules further deliver a PCE of 20.6% with a stabilized efficiency of 19.8% over an aperture area of 10.8 cm2. This work reveals an overlooked limitation in gas-quenched mixed Sn–Pb perovskites and provides a crystallization-regulation strategy for scalable, high-performance flexible all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology Dübendorf Switzerland",
    "Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jincheng Luo",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-9819-0146"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jonathan S. Austin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Amber Wright",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-9659-946X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chih-Jen Shih",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5258-3485"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fan Fu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3647-4086"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3e9qrcev9zqqc.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6el00168h",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13733839/",
  "id": "3e9qrcev9zqqc",
  "issns": [
    "3033-4063"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6el00168h",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-3.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 3.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Chemistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Perovskite Materials and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223389894",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13733839",
  "pmid": "42985234",
  "published": "2026-10-23",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3e9qrcev9zqqc.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:23:32Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13733839",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6el00168h"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "heading:Chemistry",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Mitigating vertical crystallization inhomogeneity in blade-coated Sn–Pb perovskites for flexible all-perovskite tandem modules",
  "title_text": "Mitigating vertical crystallization inhomogeneity in blade-coated Sn–Pb perovskites for flexible all-perovskite tandem modules",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:23:32Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3e9qrcev9zqqc",
  "venue": "Ees Solar",
  "versions": []
}