{
  "abstract": "Background: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a therapeutic option for carefully selected patients with severe, treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), but very long-term outcomes remain insufficiently characterized. We evaluated clinical outcomes after DBS targeting the nucleus accumbens/anterior limb of the internal capsule (NAcc/ALIC) over 3–21 years and described the trajectories of early responders, delayed responders, and non-responders.\n\nMethods: This single-center retrospective cohort included 30 consecutive patients (17 women) who underwent NAcc/ALIC DBS between 2004 and 2022. Outcomes were assessed with the Yale–Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) at baseline (T0), 1 year after surgery (T1), and the latest follow-up at ≥3 years (T2). Response was defined as a ≥35% reduction from baseline. Repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons was used to assess changes over time.\n\nResults: Y-BOCS scores decreased significantly across T0, T1, and T2. At T2, 22 of 30 patients (73.3%) met the response criterion; eight were delayed responders. Of the 15 patients who met the response criterion at T1, 14 retained it at T2 and 1 did not.\n\nConclusion: Clinically meaningful improvement was sustained at long-term follow-up, and some patients who had not responded after 1 year met the response criterion later. Once response was achieved, subsequent loss of response appeared uncommon in this cohort. The retrospective design and heterogeneous follow-up duration preclude causal conclusions regarding DBS or the temporal course of improvement.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne",
    "Graduate Studies and Research Section, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional",
    "Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne",
    "Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy III, LVR Hospital Bonn",
    "Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg",
    "Alexianer Hospital Cologne, Alexianer Köln GmbH"
  ],
  "article_type": "brief report",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Fátima Ximena Cid-Rodríguez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rabea Schmahl"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "René Márquez-Franco"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Petra Heiden"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Marvin Antonio Soriano-Ursúa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wencke Wagemann"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Huys"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Juan C. Baldermann"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Jens Kuhn"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Veerle Visser-Vandewalle"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Pablo Andrade"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3gvzrz0j9r5rz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1905823",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13725359/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "3gvzrz0j9r5rz",
  "issns": [
    "1664-0640"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1905823/full",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Brief Research Report"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3203|Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders"
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  "openalex": "W7222974903",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1905823/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13725359",
  "pmid": "42973862",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3gvzrz0j9r5rz.ris",
  "sources": [
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      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:18Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1905823",
      "source": "crossref",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:3203|Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders",
      "subfield": "psychiatry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Long-term outcomes of nucleus accumbens/anterior limb of the internal capsule deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder",
  "title_text": "Long-term outcomes of nucleus accumbens/anterior limb of the internal capsule deep brain stimulation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T12:21:38Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3gvzrz0j9r5rz",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Psychiatry",
  "versions": []
}