{
  "abstract": "Growing evidence links ultra-processed food intake according to the Nova classification with poor health, yet no comprehensive database of additives and food substances of non-culinary use that are markers of ultra-processing exists for the UK. Building the database involved seven steps: (1) obtaining all approved additives in the UK, (2) retrieving all of their technical functions, (3) coding each technical function as cosmetic (marker of ultra-processing) or non-cosmetic (not a marker of ultra-processing), (4) adding flavour extracts, natural flavourings, and flavourings, (5) excluding additives as ultra-processing markers if they served fortification purposes, or were a herb/spice, and (6) adding food substances of non-culinary use defined as markers of ultra-processing in the Nova classification. Lastly, (7) two UPF definitions were constructed based on the ambiguity/overlap of additive technical functions from previous approaches. The database is freely accessible for researchers to improve consistency in using the Nova classification in the UK.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "UCL"
  ],
  "article_type": "PUBLISHAHEADOFPRINT",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "S. J. Dicken"
    },
    {
      "name": "D. van Tulleken"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3kjqsc0vpaxxr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.09.24.26363859",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363859v1.full",
  "id": "3kjqsc0vpaxxr",
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  "landing_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363859v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "medrxiv",
      "nutrition"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2739|Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214350990",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363859v1.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-24",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3kjqsc0vpaxxr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:19:23Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.09.24.26363859",
      "source": "medrxiv",
      "url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.24.26363859v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "medrxiv:nutrition",
      "subfield": "nutrition"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Development of a comprehensive database of markers of ultra-processing to identify ultra-processed food in the UK according to the Nova classification",
  "title_text": "Development of a comprehensive database of markers of ultra-processing to identify ultra-processed food in the UK according to the Nova classification",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:19:23Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3kjqsc0vpaxxr",
  "venue": "medRxiv",
  "versions": []
}