{
  "abstract": "The hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME) promotes metastasis, in which matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a central role. The present work aimed to analyze the effects of hypoxia on MMP expression and enzymatic activity, as well as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) expression in different non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Cells were cultured in 1% O2 for 6 and 12 h, and the effects of hypoxia on MMPs and HIFs were analyzed using Western blotting and zymography. The highest MMP-2 protein expression was detected in CALU-1 (p ≤ 0.003) and A549 cells (p ≤ 0.006) at 6 and 12 h, respectively. Higher levels of MMP-9 were detected in CALU-1 (p ≤ 0.003) at 6 h and in A549 cells (p ≤ 0.04) at 12 h. MMP-2 and MMP-9 had the highest enzymatic activity in SKMES-1 cells (p ≤ 0.003). Increased HIF-1α levels were detected in A427 (p ≤ 0.04) at 6 h and in SKLU-1 cells (p ≤ 0.01) at 12 h, while higher HIF-2α expression was found in SKMES-1 at 6 h and 12 h (p ≤ 0.04). In conclusion, although hypoxia induces changes in MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression in NSCLC cells through HIF-dependent or HIF-independent pathways, these effects are not necessarily similar to those observed in enzymatic activity and differ between cell lines.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónico Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico",
    "Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico",
    "Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular e Investigación Traslacional, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico",
    "Laboratorio de Cáncer Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico",
    "Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico",
    "Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico",
    "Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Georgina Gonzalez-Avila",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3511-4265"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Cuauhtemoc Sandoval"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Bettina Sommer",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1292-9418"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "A. Armando Garcia-Hernandez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Jose S. Lopez-Gonzalez",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0746-2286"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2869-5516"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Carina Becerril",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2683-2318"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Edgar Flores-Soto",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2649-8751"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3nwjc0s1pha7q.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27209314",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13705482",
  "id": "3nwjc0s1pha7q",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9314",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1306|Protease and Inhibitor Mechanisms"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223029335",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13705482?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13705482",
  "pmid": "42942082",
  "published": "2026-10-20",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3nwjc0s1pha7q.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27209314",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/20/9314"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42942082",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42942082"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:1306|Protease and Inhibitor Mechanisms",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Hypoxic Microenvironment Effects on Matrix Metalloproteinases’ Expression and Enzymatic Activity, and HIFs’ Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells",
  "title_text": "Hypoxic Microenvironment Effects on Matrix Metalloproteinases’ Expression and Enzymatic Activity, and HIFs’ Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:12Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3nwjc0s1pha7q",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}