{
  "abstract": "Objective:: To evaluate the anticancer mechanisms of Chamuangone against cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells.\n\nMethods:: Chamuangone was tested for cytotoxicity against KKU-100 and KKU-452 cells for 24 and 48 h. Apoptosis, cell proliferation, mitochondrial membrane potential, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed using Annexin V, Ki-67, JC-1 assays, and DCFH-DA fluorescence probe, respectively. Oncology proteins expression was measured.\n\nResults:: Chamuangone inhibited CCA cell growth in a dose- and time- dependent manner, with IC50 values in KKU- 100 cells of 1.175 and 0.331 μg/mL at 24 and 48 hours, respectively; in KKU- 452 cells, the IC50 values were 1.208 and 0.428 μg/mL. Consequently, Chamuangone at 1.5 and 3.0 μg/mL effectively induced both early and late apoptosis in a statistically significant manner, which correlated with a marked reduction in cell proliferation, as evidenced by the decrease in Ki-67 positive populations to 49.04% and 17.02%, respectively. Chamuangone at concentrations of 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 μg/mL significantly induced mitochondrial dysfunction by reducing the Red/Green fluorescence ratio across all time points (3–24 h), indicating a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential that triggers apoptosis. The induction of intracellular oxidative stress was indicated by a significant increase in the high-dose group of Chamuangone. Moreover, it also suppressed the expression of key ROS- and oxidative stress–associated oncogenic proteins, including Carbonic Anhydrase IX, Enolase2, CXCL8/IL-8, Galectin-3, EGFR/ErbB1, Progranulin, FGF basic, Dkk-1, p27/kip1, Mesothelin, Survivin, leading to redox imbalance and apoptosis in KKU-100 cells.\n\nConclusion:: Chamuangone inhibits CCA cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis through mechanisms involving the suppression of the Ki67, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular ROS accumulation, and downregulation of oncogenic-related proteins involved in proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress. Thus, Chamuangone has significant potential as a lead compound for the development of novel CCA therapeutics.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand.",
    "Medical Degree Program, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand.",
    "Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand.",
    "Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.",
    "Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.",
    "Center for Advanced Studies in Nanotechnology for Chemical, Food and Agricultural Industries, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.",
    "Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand.",
    "Phytomedicine and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Excellence Center, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Woraya Thianthong"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Thanyarat Srichainan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Boonya Shuntawiwat"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sahaphum Laprom"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Petcharat Chiangsaen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Sarinya Kongpetch"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Kiattawee Choowongkomon"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Pharkphoom Panichayupakaranant"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Papavee Samatiwat"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3qefkjwqytjsx.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.31557/apjcp.2026.27.6.2189",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13726541/",
  "id": "3qefkjwqytjsx",
  "issns": [
    "1513-7368",
    "2476-762X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.31557/apjcp.2026.27.6.2189",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2746|Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7165899163",
  "pdf_url": "https://journal.waocp.org/article_92234_f278eea397b38fc421b52e490612d35f.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13726541",
  "pmid": "42345167",
  "published": "2026-06-19",
  "publisher": "Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3qefkjwqytjsx.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-05T12:22:51Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13726541",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.31557/apjcp.2026.27.6.2189"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2746|Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Cancer Studies",
      "subfield": "surgery"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Novel Anticancer Mechanism of Chamuangone through the Inhibition of Oncogenic Protein-Driven Oxidative Stress",
  "title_text": "Novel Anticancer Mechanism of Chamuangone through the Inhibition of Oncogenic Protein-Driven Oxidative Stress",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T12:22:51Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3qefkjwqytjsx",
  "venue": "Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention : APJCP",
  "versions": []
}