{
  "abstract": "We analyze data from 142 of the 218 gravitational-wave (GW) sources in the fourth LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA Collaboration (LVK) Gravitational-Wave Transient Catalog (GWTC-4.0) to estimate the Hubble constant H 0 jointly with the population properties of merging compact binaries. We measure the luminosity distance and redshifted masses of GW sources directly; in contrast, we infer GW source redshifts statistically through (i) location of features in the compact object mass spectrum and merger rate evolution, and (ii) identifying potential host galaxies in the GW localization volume. Probing the relationship between source luminosity distances and redshifts obtained in this way yields constraints on cosmological parameters. We also constrain parameterized deviations from general relativity that affect GW propagation, specifically those modifying the dependence of a GW signal on the source luminosity distance. Assuming our fiducial model for the source-frame mass distribution and using GW candidates detected up to the end of the fourth observing run (O4a), together with the GLADE+ all-sky galaxy catalog, we estimate H 0 = 75 . 4 − 9.1 + 12.8 ( 75 . 4 − 13.3 + 24.5 ) km s − 1 Mpc − 1 . This value is reported as a median with 68.3% (90%) symmetric credible interval, and includes combination with the H 0 measurement from GW170817 and its electromagnetic counterpart. Using a parameterization of modified GW propagation in terms of the magnitude parameter Ξ 0 , we estimate Ξ 0 = 1 . 4 − 0.4 + 1.0 ( 1 . 4 − 0.6 + 2.8 ) , where Ξ 0 = 1 recovers the behavior of general relativity.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)",
    "LIGO Hanford Observatory",
    "INFN",
    "Università di Salerno",
    "University of Warwick",
    "Monash University",
    "The Pennsylvania State University",
    "Leibniz Universität Hannover",
    "University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee",
    "California Institute of Technology",
    "Louisiana State University",
    "Tata Institute of Fundamental Research",
    "Aix-Marseille Université",
    "Université catholique de Louvain",
    "Queen Mary University of London",
    "University of California",
    "University of Minnesota",
    "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais",
    "Université Paris Cité",
    "Università di Roma Tor Vergata",
    "Universiteit Antwerpen",
    "National Astronomical Observatory of Japan",
    "Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena",
    "INFN Sezione di Torino",
    "Università degli Studi di Genova",
    "Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc",
    "Università di Napoli “Federico II,”",
    "Cardiff University",
    "Australian National University",
    "Massachusetts Institute of Technology",
    "Maastricht University",
    "Nikhef",
    "Università di Roma “La Sapienza,”",
    "Aix Marseille Univ",
    "Université Paris-Saclay",
    "University of Tokyo",
    "The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology",
    "Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI)",
    "University of Florida",
    "Università di Udine"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 100,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Adrian Abac",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4786-2698"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "I. Abouelfettouh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "F. Acernese",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3103-3473"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "K. Ackley",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8648-0767"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Christian Adamcewicz",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5525-6255"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "S. Adhicary",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-2101-5428"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        0
      ],
      "name": "D. Adhikari"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "N. Adhikari",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4559-8427"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "R. X. Adhikari",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5731-5076"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "V. K. Adkins"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Samsuzzaman Afroz",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-4459-2981"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "A. Agapito",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-9004-3163"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "D. Agarwal",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8735-5554"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        14
      ],
      "name": "M. Agathos",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9072-1121"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        15
      ],
      "name": "Nancy Aggarwal",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0026-3877"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        16
      ],
      "name": "S. Aggarwal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        17
      ],
      "name": "Odylio D. Aguiar",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2139-4390"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        18
      ],
      "name": "I.-L. Ahrend"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        19
      ],
      "name": "L. Aiello",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2771-8816"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        20
      ],
      "name": "A. Ain",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4534-4619"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "P. Ajith",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7519-2439"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        21
      ],
      "name": "Tomotada Akutsu",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0733-7530"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        22,
        23
      ],
      "name": "Simone Albanesi",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7345-4415"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        24
      ],
      "name": "W. Ali"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        0
      ],
      "name": "S. Al-Kershi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        25
      ],
      "name": "C. Alléné"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        26
      ],
      "name": "A. Allocca",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5288-1351"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        27
      ],
      "name": "S. Al-Shammari"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        28
      ],
      "name": "P. A. Altin",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8193-5825"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        29
      ],
      "name": "S. Álvarez-López",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-8040-4936"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        25
      ],
      "name": "W. Amar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        27
      ],
      "name": "O. Amarasinghe"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        30,
        31
      ],
      "name": "A. Amato",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9557-651X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        32
      ],
      "name": "F. Amicucci",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-2139-4197"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        33
      ],
      "name": "Claude Amra",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4618-5931"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "A. Ananyeva"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "S. B. Anderson",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2219-9383"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Warren G. Anderson",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0482-5942"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        34
      ],
      "name": "M. Andia",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3675-9126"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        35
      ],
      "name": "M. Ando"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        36
      ],
      "name": "Marc Andrés-Carcasona",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8738-1672"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        37,
        2,
        7,
        0
      ],
      "name": "T. Andrić",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9277-9773"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        38
      ],
      "name": "J. Anglin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        39
      ],
      "name": "Stefano Ansoldi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5613-7693"
    },
    {
      "name": "Javier Mauricio Antelis",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3377-0813"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        34
      ],
      "name": "S. Antier",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7686-3334"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Aoumi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "E. Z. Appavuravther"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "S. Appert"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. K. Apple",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-4490-5804"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Koji Arai",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8916-8915"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        35
      ],
      "name": "A. Araya",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6884-2875"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "M. C. Araya",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6018-6447"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        37,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Manuel Arca Sedda",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3987-0519"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. S. Areeda",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0266-7936"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "N. Aritomi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        24
      ],
      "name": "F. Armato",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8856-8877"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sharon Armstrong",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-4285-2360"
    },
    {
      "name": "N. Arnaud",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6589-8673"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Arogeti",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5124-3350"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3qmn122va00qh.bib",
  "cited_by": 81,
  "doi": "10.3847/2041-8213/ae69dd",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "3qmn122va00qh",
  "issns": [
    "2041-8205",
    "2041-8213"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae69dd",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Cosmology and Gravitation Theories"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research"
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  "openalex": "W7172494905",
  "pdf_url": "http://arxiv.org/pdf/2509.04348",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-05",
  "publisher": "IOP Publishing",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3qmn122va00qh.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:18Z",
      "native_id": "W7172494905",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ae69dd"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:3103|Cosmology and Gravitation Theories",
      "subfield": "cosmology"
    },
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "openalex:3103|Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research",
      "subfield": "high-energy-astrophysics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "GWTC-4.0: Constraints on the Cosmic Expansion Rate and Modified Gravitational-wave Propagation",
  "title_text": "GWTC-4.0: Constraints on the Cosmic Expansion Rate and Modified Gravitational-wave Propagation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T13:21:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3qmn122va00qh",
  "venue": "The Astrophysical Journal Letters",
  "versions": []
}