{
  "abstract": "High-pressure, high-temperature experiments were conducted in a multi-anvil press using seven different starting compositions to investigate the phase relations of Fe–C–S liquids at pressures up to 6 GPa and temperatures up to 2000 K. Quenched samples revealed immiscible C-rich and S-rich metallic liquids at 2 and 4 GPa, manifesting as either large immiscible zones or emulsified smaller droplets. On the contrary, no immiscibility was observed at 5 or 6 GPa. At these higher pressures, the carbon solubility limit, significantly reduced by increasing sulfur content in the ternary liquid, prevents the formation of a liquid phase rich in both C and S. Our findings thus indicate that super-liquidus immiscibility in Fe-rich compositions does not occur at pressures above 5 GPa, due to the differential pressure dependence of C solubility and miscibility. The limited C solubility in S-rich liquids at higher pressures effectively suppresses immiscibility. Based on these results, terrestrial planetary bodies with fluid cores at pressures exceeding 5 GPa are unlikely to experience liquid–liquid immiscibility, even when both carbon and sulfur are abundant, as sulfur limits carbon solubility and promotes its exsolution. For the Moon, immiscibility-induced core stratification is not expected, though local emulsification could occur near the core–mantle boundary (CMB). In smaller bodies, a two-liquid Fe–C–S core may form at high temperatures, but progressive cooling may lead to graphite crystallization and the potential development of a graphitic crust.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Bin Zhao"
    },
    {
      "name": "Guillaume Morard"
    },
    {
      "name": "Geeth Manthilake"
    },
    {
      "name": "Paraskevas Parisiades"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jing Yang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yingwei Fei"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yann Le Godec"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nozomi Kondo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Takashi Yoshino"
    },
    {
      "name": "Daniele Antonangeli"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3r7w2mdnzv4z7.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.1186/s40645-026-00846-3",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "3r7w2mdnzv4z7",
  "issns": [
    "2197-4284"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05756586v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "openalex",
      "1908|High-pressure geophysics and materials"
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  "openalex": "W7213770787",
  "pdf_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05756586/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-20",
  "publisher": "Springer/Japan Geoscience Union",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3r7w2mdnzv4z7.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:36Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05756586",
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      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05756586v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "hal:2.sdu.stu.mi",
      "subfield": "geology-geochemistry"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Carbon solubility and liquid–liquid immiscibility in Fe–C–S ternary system up to 6 GPa: implications for the core of small planetary bodies",
  "title_text": "Carbon solubility and liquid–liquid immiscibility in Fe–C–S ternary system up to 6 GPa: implications for the core of small planetary bodies",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3r7w2mdnzv4z7",
  "venue": "Progress in Earth and Planetary Science",
  "versions": []
}