{
  "abstract": "Vaccine responses vary across individuals due to differences in ageing and health status. Using transcriptomic profiling, we analyzed early gene expression profiles after influenza (QIV) followed by pneumococcal (PCV13) vaccination in 148 participants spanning young, middle-aged, and older adults. The two vaccines induced distinct immune signatures: QIV elicited innate and interferon immune activation, while PCV13 triggered inflammation-based responses. Older adults showed weaker but similar transcriptomic profiles compared to young adults. Among older adults, frailty, in addition to age, was strongly associated with reduced innate responses. In addition, we identified associations between early-stage transcriptomic profiles and later-stage antibody responses for QIV; however, no such associations were observed for PCV13. Importantly, observed group differences arose not from altered immune modules but from differences in the magnitude of gene expression, paving the way for immune-boosting interventions to enhance early gene expression in at-risk populations.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands; Center for Infectious Disease Control, Nation"
  ],
  "article_type": "PUBLISHAHEADOFPRINT",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "M. Joshi"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Carre"
    },
    {
      "name": "A. Cevirgel"
    },
    {
      "name": "E. Bijvank"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. Chabaud-Riou"
    },
    {
      "name": "V. Courtois"
    },
    {
      "name": "E. Chautard"
    },
    {
      "name": "D. Larocque"
    },
    {
      "name": "W. Burny"
    },
    {
      "name": "L. Beckers"
    },
    {
      "name": "A.-M. Buisman"
    },
    {
      "name": "N. Rots"
    },
    {
      "name": "M. van der Heiden"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. van Beek"
    },
    {
      "name": "Y. van Sleen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "D. van Baarle"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3rzmv5g3q57pa.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.08.26.26361408",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.26.26361408v1.full",
  "id": "3rzmv5g3q57pa",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.26.26361408v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "medrxiv",
      "allergy and immunology"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|Immune responses and vaccinations"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7204809075",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.26.26361408v1.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-08-26",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3rzmv5g3q57pa.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:21Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.08.26.26361408",
      "source": "medrxiv",
      "url": "https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.08.26.26361408v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2403|Immune responses and vaccinations",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Both ageing and frailty status impact vaccine-induced transcriptomic profiles and subsequent humoral immunity: results from the VITAL cohort",
  "title_text": "Both ageing and frailty status impact vaccine-induced transcriptomic profiles and subsequent humoral immunity: results from the VITAL cohort",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:42Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3rzmv5g3q57pa",
  "venue": "medRxiv",
  "versions": []
}