{
  "abstract": "Bioactive antiviral biomaterial coatings capable of rapidly inactivating respiratory viruses while preserving cytocompatibility are highly desirable for development protective and high-contact biomedical materials. Here, we engineered black (Bl) organic coatings functionalized with two silver (Ag)-based inorganic additives—nano (n) Ag supported on colloidal silica (SiO2) and Ag-substituted zirconium phosphate—to develop multifunctional antiviral biomaterial surfaces. Their antiviral efficacy was evaluated against human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E, a model enveloped respiratory coronavirus, together with their cytocompatibility toward human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human lung fibroblasts (MRC-5) cells. The morphology and elemental composition of the coatings were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Antiviral performance was quantified by a neutral red uptake cytopathic (NRU-CPE) infectivity assay following 30 and 60 min of virus–surface contact. Coatings functionalized with nAg supported on SiO2 reduced infectious virus recovery by 2.2–5.3 log10, whereas coatings containing Ag-substituted zirconium phosphate achieved reductions of 1.9–4.7 log10, depending on additive loading and exposure time. Interestingly, the unmodified black organic coating also reduced viral infectivity, indicating that both the coating matrix and Ag-based functionalization contribute to the overall antiviral performance. Importantly, all functionalized coatings maintained cell viability above the ISO 10993-5 acceptance threshold (≥70%), demonstrating excellent cytocompatibility.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Biotechnology Centre, The Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland",
    "Doctoral School, The Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland",
    "Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Polymer Materials, 87-100 Torun, Poland",
    "Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, The Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland",
    "Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada",
    "Faculty of Medicine, Academy of Silesia, 40-555 Katowice, Poland",
    "Paul Albrechtsen Research Institute, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Maja A. Zaczek-Moczydłowska"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Bartosz Kopyciński"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Izabella Biesiada",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-4061-0281"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Purusottam Mishra",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7356-9239"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Krzysztof Matus"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Saeid Ghavami",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5948-508X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ewa Langer",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8193-1987"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marek J. Łos",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9518-1411"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3snh3wfvgzs52.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/ijms27219399",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "3snh3wfvgzs52",
  "issns": [
    "1422-0067"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9399",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2505|Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223347197",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3snh3wfvgzs52.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/ijms27219399",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/27/21/9399"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2505|Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Bioactive Antiviral Black Organic Coatings Functionalized with Silver–Silica and Silver–Zirconium for Cytocompatible Biomaterial Surfaces Against Human Coronavirus",
  "title_text": "Bioactive Antiviral Black Organic Coatings Functionalized with Silver–Silica and Silver–Zirconium for Cytocompatible Biomaterial Surfaces Against Human Coronavirus",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:57Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3snh3wfvgzs52",
  "venue": "International Journal of Molecular Sciences",
  "versions": []
}