{
  "abstract": "Enrofloxacin (ENR), a widely used veterinary fluoroquinolone, persists in the environment and resists conventional treatment. A metal-free nitrogen-doped carbon catalyst (N@C) was synthesized from graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and glucose via hydrothermal compositing and carbonization at 900 °C, and used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for ENR degradation. TEM, XRD, XPS, Raman spectroscopy, and N2 physisorption revealed a hierarchically porous architecture with a specific surface area of 578.6 m2 g−1 and 10.2 at% nitrogen. The N@C/PMS system removed over 99.9% of ENR in 20 min ([ENR]0 = 20 mg L−1, [PMS] = 0.2 mM, [N@C] = 5 mg L−1, 25 °C), with a rate constant of 0.4389 min−1. TOC removal reached 40% within 30 min at 1.0 mM PMS, and post-reaction XPS and XRD showed a preserved framework. Quenching tests, DPA probing, solvent isotope effects, and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy indicate a non-radical pathway dominated by singlet oxygen (1O2), initiated by heterolytic cleavage of the PMS peroxide bond at graphitic N sites. The catalyst retained >95% of its activity after four cycles and >93% removal in tap, river, and lake water. These findings provide a mechanistic basis for designing metal-free, matrix-tolerant persulfate activation systems for fluoroquinolone wastewater treatment.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "College of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China",
    "Yangtze River Delta Institute of Circular Economy Technology, Jiaxing 314001, China",
    "Shanghai Chengtou Water Group Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200092, China",
    "College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Peilun Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lei Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Xinyu Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yinlong Kuang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shuming Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Le Cui"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yixue Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Qiufang Yao",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-3898-2572"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3tr8kfedwqj1n.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/nano16211427",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "3tr8kfedwqj1n",
  "issns": [
    "2079-4991"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/21/1427",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-05",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3tr8kfedwqj1n.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T00:21:10Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/nano16211427",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/21/1427"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2079-4991",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Metal-Free Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Derived from g-C3N4/Glucose Composites for Singlet Oxygen-Dominated PMS Activation Toward Enrofloxacin Degradation",
  "title_text": "Metal-Free Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Derived from g-C3N4/Glucose Composites for Singlet Oxygen-Dominated PMS Activation Toward Enrofloxacin Degradation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T00:21:08Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3tr8kfedwqj1n",
  "venue": "Nanomaterials",
  "versions": []
}