{
  "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Pesticides are extensively used in agriculture, raising concerns about their potential impact on human health through dietary and environmental exposure. OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the in vitro cytotoxicity of ten commonly used pesticides and their mixtures (lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, tebuconazole, glyphosate, acetamiprid, cyprodinil, piperonyl butoxide, fluopyram, and imazalil) on human intestinal Caco-2 cells. METHODS: Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay, as a measure of metabolic activity, and the trypan blue exclusion test, as an indicator of cell membrane integrity. FINDINGS: Results showed that high concentrations (100 mg/L) of all pesticides significantly reduced cell viability and vitality. Notably, glyphosate and tebuconazole exhibited significant toxicity even at lower concentrations, respectively 0.1 mg/L and 10 mg/L. Combination treatments (Top 3 and Top 8 pesticide mixtures) retained the cytotoxic effects observed for individual compounds, showing additive (non-synergistic) effects. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings indicate that certain pesticides-based herbicides can exert cytotoxic effects on intestinal cells even at relatively low concentrations and highlight the importance of using the component-based approach in mixture risk assessment for humans. This study was performed as part of the EU SPRINT (Sustainable Plant Protection Transition: A Global Health Approach) project.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Ramazzini Institute"
  ],
  "article_type": "New results",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "F. Truzzi"
    },
    {
      "name": "E. Tibaldi"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Dilloo"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Noferini"
    },
    {
      "name": "D. Sgargi"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Panzacchi"
    },
    {
      "name": "E. D'Amen"
    },
    {
      "name": "F. Gnudi"
    },
    {
      "name": "G. Dinelli"
    },
    {
      "name": "P. T. J. Scheepers"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "D. Mandrioli"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3v66wvgt17ayj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.09.23.753704",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.23.753704v1.full",
  "id": "3v66wvgt17ayj",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.23.753704v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "biorxiv",
      "pharmacology and toxicology"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1110|Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214770313",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.23.753704v1.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-23",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3v66wvgt17ayj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:25:13Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.09.23.753704",
      "source": "biorxiv",
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.23.753704v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "biorxiv:pharmacology and toxicology",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Cytotoxic Effects of Multiple Pesticides and their Mixtures on Caco-2 Cells Evaluated by Using MTT and Trypan Blue Assays",
  "title_text": "Cytotoxic Effects of Multiple Pesticides and their Mixtures on Caco-2 Cells Evaluated by Using MTT and Trypan Blue Assays",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:25:13Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3v66wvgt17ayj",
  "venue": "bioRxiv",
  "versions": []
}