{
  "abstract": "Excessive release of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) into the environment can affect the biological and chemical properties of soils. This study evaluated the effects of two commercial metallic copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs 25 nm; CuNPs/25, and Cu-NPs 40–60 nm; CuNPs/40–60) on enzymatic activity and nutrient bioavailability in an agricultural soil. An incubation experiment was conducted using Ultisol soil treated with 500 mg kg−1 CuNPs/25 or CuNPs/40–60, simulating a high-exposure scenario, in the presence and absence of 200 mg kg−1 P (K2HPO4). Acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and β-glucosidase enzymatic activities along with P bioavailability were measured at 0.14, 1, 3, 5, and 8 weeks. The results showed that in most instances, 500 mg kg−1 CuNPs/25 or CuNPs/40–60 significantly decreased the activities of acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and β-glucosidase. The P bioavailability in soil was lower in the presence of CuNPs/25 than Cu-NPs/40–60. In addition, the Cu2+ concentrations in the water-extractable fraction were higher than in the CaCl2 fraction, and the increase in water-extractable Cu2+ concentrations in the soil solution was correlated with a decrease in enzyme activities. Eight weeks of exposure to NPs did not cause any marked changes in organic matter content or electrical conductivity. However, the Cu2+-(DTPA) bioavailability in soil treated with 500 mg kg−1 CuNPs/25 and CuNPs/40–60 for 8 weeks increased over 90 times, regardless of the presence or absence of P. However, these findings should be interpreted in the context of a high-exposure scenario for CuNPs and should not be directly extrapolated to environmentally realistic exposure levels.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Núcleo de Investigación en Biotecnología y Agroinnovación (NIBA), Escuela de Agronomía, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Sede Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile",
    "VIS-IR Spectroscopy Laboratory and Sustainable Soil Management, Department of Soils and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile",
    "Doctoral Program in Agronomy Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán 3812120, Chile",
    "Department of Chemical Sciences and Natural Resources, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 01145, Chile",
    "Sede Vallenar, Universidad de Atacama, Av. Costanera #105, Vallenar 1612178, Chile",
    "Sonophotochemistry Research Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia",
    "Industrial Chemistry Programme, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Sabah, Malaysia",
    "Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica & Analítica, PachemLab, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago 7760197, Chile",
    "Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnología, CEDENNA, Santiago, Chile",
    "Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Campus Osorno-Chuyaca, Universidad de los Lagos, Osorno 5311157, Chile"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jonathan Suazo-Hernández",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2417-3494"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Paula Maldonado"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Erick Zagal",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3900-9769"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "María de Los Ángeles Sepúlveda-Parada",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-3795-2709"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Antonieta Ruiz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8578-3475"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Cristian Urdiales",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5373-832X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Collin G. Joseph",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0199-4735"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Lizethly Cáceres-Jensen",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5903-7356"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Patricia Poblete-Grant",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1166-5847"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3xn4byzm8n57k.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/nano16211394",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "3xn4byzm8n57k",
  "issns": [
    "2079-4991"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/21/1394",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3xn4byzm8n57k.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:50Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/nano16211394",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/16/21/1394"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2079-4991",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effects of Commercial Copper Nanoparticles on Enzymatic Activity and Nutrient Bioavailability in Agricultural Soil",
  "title_text": "Effects of Commercial Copper Nanoparticles on Enzymatic Activity and Nutrient Bioavailability in Agricultural Soil",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T00:20:48Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3xn4byzm8n57k",
  "venue": "Nanomaterials",
  "versions": []
}