{
  "abstract": "Iron and manganese availability limits marine primary production in large parts of the ocean and exerts a strong influence on the global climate. Transitional systems such as fjords can control metal transport to the shelf by acting as metal sinks through burial or metal sources by releasing metals from less reactive metal oxides by benthic recycling. Benthic metal cycling is promoted by bioturbation by macrobenthos, which rework the sediment (‘biomixing’) and ventilate their burrows (‘bioirrigation’). The specific role of bioturbation in pore water mobilization, benthic efflux, or burial of metals in fjords is poorly constrained. Here, we investigated the bioturbation mode and potential to mobilize metals in three fjord systems with different environmental conditions in southwestern Sweden using a combined field sampling and modeling approach. We show that the extent to which the bioturbation zone overlaps with the microbial metal reduction zone in the sediments, together with the ratio of biomixing versus bioirrigation rates, determined whether the studied transitional system acted as a sink or source for metals. The efficiency of pore water mobilization of metals was primarily controlled by benthic metal recycling and subsurface oxidation. Including the bioturbation mode and its attenuation depth is thus critical for future investigations of benthic metal cycling, efflux and transport in transitional systems.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Cathrin Wittig"
    },
    {
      "name": "Martine Leermakers"
    },
    {
      "name": "Per O. J. Hall"
    },
    {
      "name": "Astrid Hylén"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mikhail Kononets"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ulrike Braeckman"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sebastiaan J van de Velde"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3xyhngqz6k2jp.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1029/2026jg010194",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "3xyhngqz6k2jp",
  "issns": [
    "2169-8953"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05820512v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sde"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1906|Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222784287",
  "pdf_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05820512/document",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-17",
  "publisher": "American Geophysical Union",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3xyhngqz6k2jp.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:59Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05820512",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05820512v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "hal:0.sde",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Balance Between Biomixing and Bioirrigation Behavior Controls Benthic Metal Efflux in Temperate Swedish Fjords",
  "title_text": "Balance Between Biomixing and Bioirrigation Behavior Controls Benthic Metal Efflux in Temperate Swedish Fjords",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:59Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3xyhngqz6k2jp",
  "venue": "Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences",
  "versions": []
}