{
  "abstract": "This study investigated manufacturing conditions for suppositories containing a CO2 extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. herb, using a previously developed formulation, and evaluated a gas chromatography procedure with flame ionization detection (GC–FID) for quantitative marker determination. The effects of key manufacturing parameters were evaluated, and the optimal conditions for base preparation were determined as 70 °C and 120 rpm for 12 min; increasing the agitation speed to 150 rpm did not reduce the processing time. Extract concentrate preparation at 37 °C and 60 rpm required 25 min to achieve visually assessed homogeneity. At 60 rpm, prior concentrate preparation reduced the subsequent mixing time of the suppository mass from 100 to 20 min at each investigated temperature (37, 45, and 60 °C), excluding the time required to prepare the concentrate. Cooling at 8 °C for 60 min was selected on the basis of mechanical-strength measurements. Agar diffusion experiments provided a comparative assessment of the diffusion of colored extract constituents rather than a quantitative measure of chamazulene release or bioavailability. The findings identify candidate manufacturing conditions for further evaluation. Confirmation of marker identity, analytical validity, quantitative content uniformity, and long-term stability is required before reliable product standardization can be established.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Pharmacy, Karaganda Medical University, Gogol 40, Karaganda 100000, Kazakhstan",
    "Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, K. Turysov Institute of Geology and Oil and Gas Engineering, Satbayev University, Almaty 050012, Kazakhstan",
    "Department of Fundamental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, M. Kozybayev North Kazakhstan University, Petropavl 150000, Kazakhstan",
    "Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Evidence Based Medicine, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda 100000, Kazakhstan",
    "Department of Oncology and Radiation Diagnostics, Karaganda Medical University, Amanzholov 189, Karaganda 100000, Kazakhstan"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Aigul Medeshova",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1447-0850"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Perizat Orazbayeva",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4314-6942"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Aizhan Essedova",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-1000-2719"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Meruyert Amantayeva"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yerbolat Tulebayev",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0799-5963"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Zhanel Raiymbekova"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sabyrova Sabira",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-6990-3664"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Bekzhan Orazbayev"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3yhd3svnt1bbx.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/molecules31213999",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "3yhd3svnt1bbx",
  "issns": [
    "1420-3049"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3999",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3yhd3svnt1bbx.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:21:01Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/molecules31213999",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3999"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:1420-3049",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Optimization of the Technology of Suppositories with CO2 Extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and In Vitro Evaluation of Chamazulene Release",
  "title_text": "Optimization of the Technology of Suppositories with CO2 Extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and In Vitro Evaluation of Chamazulene Release",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T00:21:58Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/3yhd3svnt1bbx",
  "venue": "Molecules",
  "versions": []
}